INFLUENCE OF FEED PARTICLE SIZE ON RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN, CHARACTERISTICS OF RUMEN FLUID AND RUMEN EPITHELIUM, AND NUMBERS OF RUMEN PROTOZOA

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. HIRONAKA ◽  
G. C. KOZUB ◽  
N. KIMURA
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Particle Size Range ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Medium Particle ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Medium Particle Size

Sixty yearling steers were fed five all-concentrate diets differing in feed particle size (range 476–1525 μm geometric mean particle size), prepared by mixing different proportions of a ground and pelleted feed with steam-rolled grain. Average digestible energy content of the diets was 3.093 Mcal/kg. Steers fed the medium particle size feed ate more (P < 0.01) and gained faster (P < 0.05) than those fed the fine or coarse feed. Feed-to-gain ratios did not differ among groups. Rumen wall darkened in color as the feed particle size increased (P < 0.01). The incidence of rumenitis (P < 0.05) and of abnormal papillae (P < 0.01) in steers decreased as the feed particle size increased. However, numbers of protozoa in the rumen fluid increased as feed particle size increased (P < 0.01). At slaughter, the pH increased with increasing feed particle size (P < 0.05), but the viscosity and alkaline phosphatase content of the rumen fluids were similar among groups.

Reconstructed expression for aerosol extinction coefficient by considering mass extinction efficiency and hygroscopic growth for polydipersed aerosol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Hoon Jung ◽  
JiYi Lee ◽  
Junshik Um ◽  
Yong Pyo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Enhancement Factor ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Mie Theory ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Particle Size Range

&lt;p&gt;In this study, simplified analytic type of expression for size dependent MEs (Mass efficiencies) are developed. The entire size was considered assuming lognormal size distribution for sulfate, nitrate and NaCl aerosol species and the MEE of each aerosol chemical composition was estimated by fitting Mie&amp;#8217;s calculation. The obtained results are compared with the results from the Mie-theory-based calculations and showed comparable results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mass efficiencies of all aerosol components for each size range are compared with Mie&amp;#8217;s results and approximated as a function of geometric mean diameter in the form of a power law formula. Finally, harmonic mean type approximation was used to cover entire particle size range.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also, analytic expression of approximated scattering enhancement factor which stands for the effect of hygroscopic growth factor for polydispersed aerosol on aerosol optical properties are obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on aerosol thermodynamic models, mass growth factor can be obtained and their optical properties can be obtained by using Mie theory with different aerosol properties and size distribution. Finally, scattering enhancement factor was approximated fRH for polydispersed aerosol as a function of RH.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finally, we also compared the simple forcing efficiency (SFE, W/g) of polydisperse aerosols between the developed simple approach and by the method using the Mie theory. The results show that current obtained approximated methods are comparable with existing numercal calculation based results for polydipersed particle size.&lt;/p&gt;

Cytoplasmic glycogen inclusions in cells of anaerobic gram-negative rumen bacteria

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1501-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
D. W. A. Roberts ◽  
J. W. Costerton
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Mean Particle Size

Megasphaera elsdenii, an anaerobic rumen bacterium, produced intracellular polysaccharide granules varying in size from 0.05 to 0.15 μm during growth in batch culture. This polysaccharide material was purified and was found to contain D-glucose as the only reducing sugar. The polyglucose polymer was highly opalescent in aqueous solution and formed a strong reddish-brown iodine complex with a maximum absorbance at 493 nm. Its infrared spectrum had characteristic absorption bands at 8.70, 9.25, and 9.75 μm and was identical with that of the glycogen of enteric bacteria and beef liver. When these polysaccharide granules were observed with an electron microscope, they resembled the glycogen granules produced by Arthrobacter globiformis and Escherichia coli. These properties indicate that the polysaccharide was a type of glycogen. The yield of crude glycogen was 16.82% of the dry weight of late log-phase cells (14-h).The lysis of cells of M. elsdenii and other rumen bacteria that store polysaccharide granules inside the cells, in the rumen of cows fed a feed of fine-particle size (344 μm, geometric mean particle size) and high-energy content, may contribute to the high-carbohydrate level and high viscosity of the cell-free rumen fluid of these cows. Cows fed a coarse feed (519 μm, geometric mean particle size) of the same composition have rumens that contain few bacteria with polysaccharide granules. The cell-free rumen fluid of these cows has low viscosity and low-carbohydrate content.

381. Sampling Efficiencies of Three Personal Aerosol Samplers within and Beyond the Inhalable Particle Size Range

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Aizenberg ◽  
P. Baron ◽  
K. Choe ◽  
S. Grinshpun ◽  
K. Willeke
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Particle Size Range

scholarly journals Switching cyclones to increase product particle size range for ore milling circuits

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (17) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Botha ◽  
Ian K. Craig ◽  
Johan D. le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Particle Size Range ◽  
Product Particle

scholarly journals Particulate Size of Microalgal Biomass Affects Hydrolysate Properties and Bioethanol Concentration

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Razif Harun ◽  
Michael K. Danquah ◽  
Selvakumar Thiruvenkadam
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Particle Size Range ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Process Systems ◽  
Particulate Size ◽  
Biomass Particle Size ◽  
Bioethanol Yield

Effective optimization of microalgae-to-bioethanol process systems hinges on an in-depth characterization of key process parameters relevant to the overall bioprocess engineering. One of the such important variables is the biomass particle size distribution and the effects on saccharification levels and bioethanol titres. This study examined the effects of three different microalgal biomass particle size ranges, 35 μm ≤x≤ 90 μm, 125 μm ≤x≤ 180 μm, and 295 μm ≤x≤ 425 μm, on the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production. Two scenarios were investigated: single enzyme hydrolysis (cellulase) and double enzyme hydrolysis (cellulase and cellobiase). The glucose yield from biomass in the smallest particle size range (35 μm ≤x≤ 90 μm) was the highest, 134.73 mg glucose/g algae, while the yield from biomass in the larger particle size range (295 μm ≤x≤ 425 μm) was 75.45 mg glucose/g algae. A similar trend was observed for bioethanol yield, with the highest yield of 0.47 g EtOH/g glucose obtained from biomass in the smallest particle size range. The results have shown that the microalgal biomass particle size has a significant effect on enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol yield.

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