GROWING AND FATTENING OF PIGS IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE OF HOUSING AND FEEDING LEVEL

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. A. VERSTEGEN ◽  
E. W. BRASCAMP ◽  
W. VAN DER HEL
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Thermal Heat Requirement ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Heat Requirement

Climatic and housing conditions in the fattening of pigs are discussed in relation to heat requirements and feeding level. Increase in feeding level will allow pigs to meet their thermal heat requirement at lower ambient temperatures. From fattening trials reported in the literature, mean feed intake, rate of gain, feed conversion, backfat thickness and lean meat to fat ratio have been computed at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C. Feed intake was lowest at 25 °C. Rate of gain was maximal and feed conversion (ratio feed intake: liveweight gain) was minimal at about 20 °C. At computed similar intakes of feed, rate of gain decreased with 15 g/°C below 20 °C. Backfat thickness was as a mean decreased in the cold, as was lean meat to fat ratio. Optimum feeding level for feed conversion may be increased to above 80% of ad libitum intake.

Genetic parameters and breed differences for feed efficiency, growth, and body composition traits of young beef bulls

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Schenkel ◽  
S. P. Miller ◽  
J. W. Wilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Beef Bulls

Genetic associations between feed efficiency, growth, and live ultrasound measured body composition traits were studied in purebred beef bulls of six breeds in Ontario bull test stations from 1991 to 2000. Feed traits included average daily feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and residual feed intake [feed intake adjusted for production alone (RFIp) or production and backfat thickness (RFIb)]. Growth traits were average daily weight gain (ADG), mid-test metabolic weight (MW), hip height (HH), and scrotal circumference (SC). Body composition traits included ultrasound backfat thickness (BF), longissimus muscle area (LMA), and predicted percentage of intramuscular fat (IFAT). Bulls were measured every 28 d for weight and individual feed intake, and at the end of test for ultrasound body composition traits. Number of records per trait ranged from 2284 (FI) to 13 319 (ADG). Fixed effects of test group, breed and end of test age (within breed), and random effects of animal and herd of origin were modeled using REML bivariate analyses for all traits. Heritability estimates were moderate for all traits (0.30 to 0.55), except for IFAT (0.14). The genetic correlation between RFIp and RFIb was high (0.99) within breeds, but breeds ranked differently with respect to RFIp and RFIb. Genetic correlations of RFIb with ADG and backfat thickness were essentially zero, which indicate that selection on residual feed intake could be implemented to reduce feed intake and improve feed conversion without compromising growth or changing levels of subcutaneous fat. Key words: Central test, genetic correlation, heritability, residual feed intake

EFFECTS OF STEAM PELLETING DIETS CONTAINING TWO VARIETIES OF RAPESEED MEAL ON PIG PERFORMANCE

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. NARENDRAN ◽  
G. H. BOWMAN ◽  
S. J. SLINGER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted during the late fall and winter months with 96 Yorkshire barrows and gilts to study the effects on pig performance of feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM) and lysine-HCl (0.1%) supplemented corn-SBM-Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn-SBM-Candle RSM diets, in the form of mash (corn was medium-ground) and steam pellets. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, efficiency of feed conversion (feed to gain ratio, F/G) and carcass backfat thickness were measured in pigs reared from 23 kg to 91 kg liveweight. The energy level in the RSM diets was not adjusted to equal that in the corn-SBM diet. Pigs fed Tower RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) feed intake and backfat thickness and pigs fed Candle RSM had a lower (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and higher (P < 0.01) F/G compared to the pigs fed SBM. The pigs fed corn-SBM-Tower RSM had a higher (P < 0.01) ADG and feed intake and lower (P < 0.01) F/G ratio than those fed Candle RSM diets. Steam pelleting of the corn-SBM and corn-SBM-RSM diets improved ADG, feed intake and F/G of the pigs, with the effects being greatest for the RSM diets.

scholarly journals FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF ZEBU CATTLE IN THE MALI SAHEL ZONE II. EFFECT OF UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE TOPS (Saccharum officinarum) AS BASAL DIET

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
E. A. Adebowale ◽  
S. Legel ◽  
K. Dobel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
The Tropics

A feeding trial to evaluate the per­formance of finishing steers fed main­ly on sugarcane tops with or without cotton­seed and molasses was conducted in Niono, Mali during the dry season. 96 Zebu steers, weighing between 220 and 250kg were randomly alloted to four groups of twenty-four steers each The performance parameters compared were: feed intake, rate of gain, feed conver­sion and carcass characteristics. The diffe­rences observed for feed intake, rate of gain and feed conversion appear to be more related to roughage level rather than source. There were no nutritional disorders. Results from this initial feeding trial indicate that a sugarcane — derived feedstaffs can be used to constitute a major component of finish­ing steer rations particularly in the dry areas of the tropics where sugarcane tops are regarded as wastes.

The effect of plane of nutrition on the performance and carcass characteristics of pigs slaughtered at 100 kg live weight

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Walker ◽  
I. H. Heaney ◽  
D. H. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYFour equally spaced feeding levels, estimated to cover the range of commercial practice, were examined using a total of 208 pigs over the live-weight range 28–100 kg. The pigs were penned in groups of six or eight and were balanced for sex within pens. Three centres participated in the experiment contributing five, two and one replicates respectively.Efficiency of feed conversion was not significantly affected over the range of feed intakes studied, thus daily gain was linearly related to feed intake. A 10 decrease in feed intake increased killing-out percentage by 0·3 unit and decreased backfat thickness by 1 mm at both the shoulder and mid rump. The corresponding changes in the percentages of subcutaneous fat plus skin and meat were similar in magnitude at approximately 0·85 unit.Muscle quality was reduced with higher feed intakes but weight of liver, as increased. Details of other offal weights and carcass measurements are given.

EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF PIGS FED STEAM-PELLETED RAPESEED MEAL DIETS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. GRANDHI ◽  
R. NARENDRAN ◽  
G. H. BOWMAN ◽  
S. J. SLINGER
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted during the spring and summer months with 96 Yorkshire barrows and gilts, to study the effects of feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM), corn-SBM-Tower rapeseed (RSM) and corn-SBM-Candle RSM diets, in the form of mash and steam-processed pellets on average daily gain (ADG), efficiency of feed conversion (feed to gain ratio) F/G), average daily feed intake and carcass backfat thickness of pigs reared from 23 kg to 91 kg liveweight. Tower RSM or Candle RSM at the 15% level in corn-SBM based diets did not result in any adverse effects on ADG, feed intake or backfat thickness, but did increase F/G (P < 0.05). There were no differences in F/G between pigs fed Tower RSM and Candle RSM diets. Steam pelleting enhanced ADG (P < 0.01) and F/G (P < 0.05) across all three diets, but did not affect feed intake or backfat thickness. Barrows had higher (P < 0.01) ADG and backfat thickness than gilts, but did not differ in feed intake or F/G.

Residual feed intake adjusted for backfat thickness and feeding frequency is independent of fertility in beef heifers

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Basarab ◽  
M. G. Colazo ◽  
D. J. Ambrose ◽  
S. Novak ◽  
D. McCartney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Calving Rate ◽  
Age At Puberty ◽  
Relationship Of

Basarab, J. A., Colazo, M. G., Ambrose, D. J., Novak, S., McCartney, D. and Baron, V. S. 2011. Residual feed intake adjusted for backfat thickness and feeding frequency is independent of fertility in beef heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 573–584. This study examined the effects of residual feed intake (RFI), RFI adjusted for off-test backfat thickness (RFIfat) and RFI adjusted for off-test backfat thickness and feeding event frequency (RFIfat & activity) on heifer fertility and productivity. Beef heifers (n=190) were monitored for individual daily feed intake and feeding event activity over 108–112 d using the GrowSafe System® and assessed for age at puberty based on plasma progesterone concentration. Individual animal daily feed intake, feeding event activity and off-test backfat thickness were then used to calculate RFI, RFIfat and RFIfat & activity and group heifers as either negative ([−], RFI<0.0) or positive ([+], RFI≥0.0) for RFI. Heifers averaged 298 kg (SD=34) in body weight, were 276 days of age (SD=19) at the start of test, grew at 0.90 kg d−1 (SD=0.21), consumed 7.62 kg DM head−1 d−1 (SD=0.84) and had a feed conversion ratio of 8.93 (SD=2.43). Age (351 d, SD=43) and weight (367.3 kg, SD=45.0) at puberty were similar between [−] and [+] RFI heifers, but age at puberty was delayed in [−] RFIfat (P=0.04) and RFIfat & activity (P=0.08) heifers compared with [+] RFIfat and RFIfat & activity heifers. Efficient or [−] RFI heifer exhibited a lower pregnancy (76.84 vs. 86.32%, P=0.09) and calving rate (72.63 vs. 84.21%, P=0.05) compared with [+] RFI heifers. These differences were partially removed in [−] RFIfat and completely removed in [−] RFIfat & activity compared with their [+] RFI counterparts (pregnancy rate, 80.85 vs. 82.29%, P=0.80; calving rate, 75.53 vs. 81.25%, P=0.34). No differences were observed between efficient and inefficient heifers in calving difficulty, average calving date, age at first calving, calf birth weight, calf pre-weaning ADG, calf weaning weight and heifer productivity. However, [+] RFI heifers exhibited a 1.9-fold higher calf death loss compared with [−] RFI heifers (11.11% vs. 5.71%, P=0.24). This difference was more pronounced in [+] RFIfat and [+] RFIfat & activity heifers, which exhibited 2.2-fold (11.84% vs. 5.33%, P=0.15) and 3.0-fold (12.66% vs. 4.17%, P=0.06) higher calf death loss compared with [−] RFI heifers. There was no relationship of RFI adjusted for backfat thickness and feeding activity on fertility traits indicating that backfat thickness and feeding activity may be associated with feed intake and should be considered when selecting heifers for improved feed efficiency.

Factors affecting diet selection by sheep. 4. Level of feeding

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Kenney ◽  
JL Black
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Relative Preference

The effects of level of feeding on the potential intake rate and preference shown by sheep for dried forages varying widely in nutritive value was investigated. Intake rate of the forages ranged from 5 to 21.4 g/min when offered for short periods to sheep given 0.8 kg/day of a pelleted ration consisting of 60% lucerne hay and 40% oat grain. When sheep were fed on 0.2 kg/day of pellets, the intake rate of most forages fell slightly, but when feeding level was raised to 1.4 kg/day, the intake rate of all forages declined. The latter depression was only c. 10% for forages that were eaten at a rate of more than 15 g/min by sheep given 0.8 kg/day; but the intake rate of wheaten straw, which was previously eaten at 5 g/min, was depressed by 96%. Level of feeding did not affect the relative preference by sheep for forages which were eaten at rates exceeding 15 g/min. However, calculations indicated that preference for forages with an intake rate of less than 15 g/min would decline as feed intake was raised to the highest level. The results suggest that, for predicting diet selection by sheep, a standardized level of feeding should be adopted when the intake rates of forages are measured.

scholarly journals Genetische Beziehungen zwischen individueller Futteraufnahme während der Eigenleistungsprüfung und Fruchtbarkeitsmerkmalen beim Schwein

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-462
Author(s):  
S. Karsten ◽  
R. Röhe ◽  
V. Schulze ◽  
H. Looft ◽  
E. Kalm
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Traits ◽  
Reproduction Traits ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract. Title of the paper. Genetic association between individual feed intake during Performance test and reproductions traits in pigs The present study deals with the estimation of genetic correlations between Performance test traits measured in boars and reproduction traits of their offspring (sibs) of two purebred lines. Performance traits were individual feed intake (FI) recorded by electronic feeder, feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG) and backfat thickness (BF). Reproduction traits were number of total piglets born (NBT) and born alive (NBA) Data of 4869 young boars, Performance tested between April 1992 and May 1997 and data of 9710 primiparous sows farrowed between June 1994 to November 1998, were observed. Heritabilities of Performance traits recorded on Station were in line 03 (line 04) h2 = 0.24 (0.33), 0.33 (0.33), 0.23 (0.32) and 0.47 (0.53) for FI, ADG FCR and BF, respectively. Heritabilities of reproduction traits such as NBT, NBA were in line 03 (line 04) h2 = 0 05 (0.08) and 0.05 (0.06), respectively. Genetic correlation between individual feed intake and reproduction traits ranged between rg = 0.12 and 0.27. Undesirable genetic correlations were found between reproduction traits and feed efficiency (rg = 0.13 to 0.44), backfat thickness (rg = 0.07 to 0.25) and partly average daily gain (rg = −010 to 0.09). Line 04 showed lowest magnitude of feed intake and highest genetic antagonism between production and reproduction traits. It is suggested that feed intake capacity is a limiting factor for reproduction in line 04 and genetic antagonism between production and reproduction traits increases with reduction in feed intake.

High protein soybean as a source of protein and energy for starter pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-422
Author(s):  
M. A. McNiven ◽  
A. G. Castell
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Heat Processing ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
New Type ◽  
Excellent Source ◽  
Growth Trial

Two starter pig trials were conducted to evaluate a new type of soybean (SB), AC Proteus, containing higher levels of protein than conventional cultivars. In the first trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20% of the isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soybean meal based diets and fed to starter pigs from 10 to 25 kg In the second trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 or 14% of the diet, or a conventional soybean, Baron, was included at 0, 4.4, 8.8, 13.3 or 17.7% of the diet on an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous basis.Amino acid levels in AC Proteus on an air-dry basis were higher than those in the conventional soybean, Baron. In the first trial, inclusion of AC Proteus at higher levels appeared to decrease feed intake and rate of gain, although this appeared to be due to lower levels of amino acids in the diets and overheating of the roasted soybean. In the second trial, inclusion of either type of soybean had no effect on feed intake, rate of gain, or feed conversion efficiency. At higher levels of inclusion of AC Proteus, feed intake was reduced slightly.AC Proteus appears to be an excellent source of protein and energy in starter pig diets and gives equivalent growth responses compared with soybean meal or conventional soybean. Care must be taken to optimize heat processing of AC Proteus. Key words: High protein soybean, starter pigs, growth trial

PSXV-8 The study of feeding behavior traits in connection to feed efficiency in duroc boars bred in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 259-259
Author(s):  
Anna A Belous ◽  
Alexander A Sermyagin ◽  
Natalia A Zinovieva
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Testing Period ◽  
Feed Conversion Rate

Abstract The study of feeding behavior is of particular interest because it is directly related to efficiency of feeding. The aim of our study was to determine the genetic parameters of the feeding behavioral traits in Duroc boars (n = 766) in relation to the feed efficiency based on the analysis of variation components. Genstar and Shauer feeders were used to collect the behavioral data, including daily feed intake (DFI), total daily time spent in feeder (TPD), number of daily visits to feeder (NVD), average duration of each visit (TPV), feed intake per visit (FPV), and feed intake rate (FR). Genetic and environmental variabilities were determined by the mixed model equation using the REMLF90 program. Multiple regression analyses were used to adjust feed conversion rate (FCR) for the duration of the testing period, initial and final body weight, and average daily gain. The average initial body weight was 35.7 kg and the duration of testing period was 78.1 days. Actual FCR values reached 2.20 kg/kg with a phenotypic variability of 26.3%. Moderate values of heritability coefficients (h2) were observed for TPV (h2=0.168), FCR (h2=0.214), and DFI (h2=0.221) traits. The heritability parameters for FPV and TPD traits were higher and accounted to 0.269 and 0.290, respectively. The highest value of h2 was observed for NVD (0.494). Analyses of genetic correlations revealed several interesting findings. The boars, which more often visited feeding stations, spent more time in feeder (r2=+0.536 for NVD/TPD), herewith duration of each visit and feed intake rate were decreased (r2=–0.593 and –0.760 for NVD/TPV and NVD/FR, respectively). Feed conversion rate was positively correlated with TPD (r2=+0.530) and negatively correlated with FR (r2=–0,772). Our research results will be useful for development of artificial selection programs to select Duroc pigs for increased feeding efficiency. The study was supported by RFBR No19-316–90008.

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