ESTIMATES OF CREEP FEED REQUIREMENTS OF NURSING CALVES AND THE TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF BOTH COW AND CALF TO PRODUCE THE WEANED CALF

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. PARKINS ◽  
C. A. MORRIS ◽  
J. W. WILTON
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Creep Feed

Metabolizable energy and net energy systems were used to calculate creep feed requirements of nursing beef calves. These methods allow estimation of cumulative energy requirements for creep feed of growing calves for any combination of birth weight, rate of weight gain, energy concentration of the diet and level of milk production of the dam. Creep feed requirements estimated by these methods are in reasonable agreement with experimental findings. As examples, the methods were used to calculate creep feed energy requirements and total energy requirements of cows and calves in two situations: (a) combinations of three levels of milk production and three cow sizes where calf growth rate is proportional to cow weight and (b) combination of three levels of milk production and calf growth rates where growth rates are assumed independent of cow size. In the latter situation, the extra energy required for a unit change in output increased with increased liveweight gain, but decreased with increased milk production. Overall biological efficiencies to weaning were also compared (including the annual energy requirements of the cow and the calf in relation to the weight of calf produced at weaning). Generally, for straightbreeding, larger cows of low milk yield were estimated to be more biologically efficient to weaning than smaller cows of high milk yield. When large bulls are mated to smaller cows (giving crossbred calves) those cows with faster growing calves and lower milk yields are biologically more efficient. However, these findings may not coincide with findings for economic efficiency.

Increasing Energy Ration of Bali Cattle to Improve Digestible Nutrient, Milk Yield and Milk Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Suryani ◽  
I Wayan Suarna ◽  
Ni Putu Sarini ◽  
I Gede Mahardika
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Parent Body ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Increase Energy Intake ◽  
Bali Cattle

To determine the effect of energy levels on digestible nutrient, milk production and milk quality of 7 months pregnant Bali cattle, was the purpose of this study. The study was conducted in Bali, Province of Indonesia on 12 pregnant breeding phase of pre-calving (2 months before the birth) with the parent body weight 329-340 kg/head. The treatment given is four types of Metabolizable Energy (ME) levels: 2000, 2100, 2200 and 2300/kg respectively as treatment A, B, C, and D. All ration contain 10% of crude protein. Variables measured: energy intake, digestible nutrient, milk yield, and milk quality. This research is a randomized block design. The results showed that increase energy ration until 2300 kcal ME/kg would significantly (P<0.05) increase energy intake and highest at cattle consumed ratio D is 22239.55 kcal/day. However, digestible nutrient was not affected. Milk production increased with increasing energy rations and highest (P<0.05) at cattle received treatment D is 2179.83 ml/day compared to treatment A 936.67 ml/day. Milk fat and milk lactose also highest (P<0.05) in treatment D are 8.56% and 4.76% respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that increase energy ration will increase energy intake, milk yield and milk fat and milk lactose of Bali cattle. 

An equation, suitable for computer use, based on the ARC feeding system to determine the energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Zulberti ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Forward Calculation

SUMMARYBased on the Agricultural Research Council's feeding system, equations were developed that allow the calculation of the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and weight gain by cattle, separately or combined. A general equation was developed for the straight-forward calculation of the total metabolizable energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle for any combination of body weight, rate of weight gain, age, level of muscular work, and metabolizable energy concentration of the diet. The estimates of energy requirement made by the use of this equation are in excellent agreement with those made by the Agricultural Research Council using an iterative method.In addition to avoiding the awkward iterative process, the equations proposed are readily adaptable to computer use.

A comparison of starchy and fibrous concentrates for milk production, energy utilization and hay intake by Friesian cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
J. A. Bines ◽  
S. V. Morant ◽  
D. J. Napper ◽  
D. J. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryTwenty-four Friesian cows were allocated to one of four diets for weeks 3–14 of lactation following 2 weeks on a common diet. The diets (kg air-dry feed/day) were 7–2 kg hay and 10·8 kg either starchy or fibrous concentrates (60S and 60F) or 3·5 kg hay and 14·0 kg either starchy or fibrous concentrates (80S and 80F). Rumen samples were taken by stomach tube in weeks 10 and 12 of lactation and the digestibility of the diets was measured with four cows per treatment during weeks 13 and 14. The digestibility of the same feeds was also measured in sheep at maintenance.The principal carbohydrate constituents of the concentrates were barley, wheat and cassava in the starchy concentrates and citrus pulp, sugar-beet pulp and wheat feed in the fibrous concentrates. The concentrates were designed to have similar concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and the diets were planned to provide similar intakes of digestible energy and crude protein.Milk yield and composition were very similar for treatments 60S and 60F. With the higher proportion of starchy concentrates (80S), milk yield was about 20% greater than on 60S, fat concentration fell severely but protein and lactose concentrations were unaffected. With the higher proportion of fibrous concentrates (80F), milk yield and the protein and lactose concentration were similar to values on 60F but fat concentration was lower, though not nearly so low as on 80S. Milk energy yield was reduced by the higher proportion of concentrates but was unaffected by type of carbohydrates. Live-weight changes were small.In both the sheep, consuming at maintenance, and the lactating cows consuming at about 3 times maintenance, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy was higher with the higher concentrate diets but was unaffected by type of concentrate. The digestibility of fibre was greater with the fibrous concentrates but the effect of level of concentrate inclusion was inconsistent. Digestibility coefficients were consistently lower for the lactating cows than for the sheep.The proportion of acetic acid in the rumen volatile fatty acids in the cows was higher and the proportion of propionic acid was lower with the fibrous concentrates. The differences were much greater with the higher proportion of concentrates.During weeks 15–22 of lactation the cows were reallocated to concentrate treatments and given hay ad libitum. Hay intake was about 1 kg/day higher with the fibrous concentrates but the difference was not significant. Hay intake fell by about 0·6 kg/kg concentrate intake for both concentrate types. No significant differences in milk yield or composition were established, probably because of incomplete adaptation even after 8 weeks.It is concluded that at concentrate intakes of about 10 kg/day, the source of carbohydrate in the concentrates has little effect on milk production when the concentrates are of similar ME concentration. However, at higher levels of concentrate inclusion, although the diets may have similar ME concentrations, important differences in the yields of fat, protein and lactose occur due to carbohydrate source and these can be related to differences in rumen fermentation.

scholarly journals 89 Nutrition and Feeding of the Modern Hyperprolific Sow

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Laura L Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Reproductive Tissue ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Over the last 25 years, the sow has developed to have a leaner body mass to address the need for leaner, fast growing offspring. The leaner body mass results in a female that biologically can have a lower feed intake. Furthermore, the number of pigs born per litter and milk production have also increased during the same timeframe. Much research has been conducted over the years to investigate the amino acid and energy requirements of both the lactating and gestating sow; however, application of the research has resulted in varied responses. The varied responses can be related to sow health, environmental influences, litter growth rates, and anticipated body reserve changes during lactation. Furthermore, calculations associated with the regression of reproductive tissue after farrowing can complicate the analysis of amino acid requirements. This presentation will discuss some of the recent research associated with feeding the modern sow, potentially challenging some of the differences in data, and offering some thoughts on looking towards the next 25 years of sow production.

The effect of three suckling regimes on the lactation performance of Cyprus fat-tailed, Chios and Awassi sheep and the growth rate of the lambs

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Lawlor ◽  
A. Louca ◽  
A. Mavrogenis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Before And After

SUMMARYNinety-nine ewes, 33 from each of the Cyprus fat-tailed, Chios and Awassi breeds, were used to compare the effects of three suckling regimes on lactation. These consisted of weaning the lambs at birth (W0), 2 days (W2) and 35 days (W35). The 35-day, 150-day and total milk yields, as well as lactation length, were measured for each group. The lambs weaned from the ewes at birth and 2 days were reared on ewe-milk replacer. The growth rate of these lambs was compared with that of the lambs being suckled by their dams, before and after weaning.In all cases the milk yields of the Chios and Awassi breeds of sheep were significantly higher (P<0·01) than those of the Cyprus fat-tailed. Within each breed the 35-day milk yields of the ewes suckling one lamb were significantly higher (P<0·01) than those of the ewes on the W0 or W2 treatments, which themselves did not differ significantly. While the 150-day milk yields of the W35 treatment were significantly higher than those of the W0 or W2 treatments, the differences between suckling regimes in terms of total milk yield and lactation length were not significant. It is concluded that differences in milk yield obtained on different suckling regimes are attributable solely to the length of time that the lambs are suckled by their dams.Prior to weaning the growth rate of the lambs given the ewe-milk replacer was significantly lower than that of the lambs suckled by their dams. There were no differences in the growth rates of these groups of lambs when both were fattened on a creep feed after weaning.

The influence of winter nutrition, grazing system and stocking rate on the performance of spring-calving Hereford × Friesian cows and their calves 1. Winter nutrition

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Baker ◽  
Y. L. P. Le Du ◽  
J. M. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Made In ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTIn three experiments the effects of giving Hereford × Friesian cows 61 to 64 MJ/day of metabolizable energy in the last 8 weeks of pregnancy, followed by either 49 to 56 (L) or 85 to 100 (H) MJ/day for the first 8 weeks of lactation, were determined. A further comparison was made in experiment 3, in which energy intakes were restricted to 46 and 64 MJ/day (M) in the two periods respectively. The L and M groups had a similar average weight loss of approximately 55 kg over winter whereas the H groups maintained their weight. The L and M treatments had a negligible effect on milk production at 3 weeks post calving but they caused a significant depression at 6 weeks in experiments 2 and 3. Milk energy and protein concentrations were reduced in all three experiments. Calf growth was similar on both treatments in experiment 1 but was 9 to 13% lower in experiments 2 and 3 for the L and M groups compared with the H group. Reproductive performance was not significantly affected. There was a substantial increase in milk production for all groups on turnout to grazing. This was greater for the L and M groups so that their summer milk production was almost equal to that of the H group. Cows from L and M groups gained more weight at pasture. By the end of the trials cows and calves from all treatments had similar weights except in experiment 3, when cows from the L and M treatments were still lighter than those from the H treatment.

Improving the pre-weaning nutrition of calves by supplementation of the cow and/or the calf while grazing low quality pastures. 1. Cow production

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Hennessy ◽  
J. F. Wilkins ◽  
S. G. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Protein Pellet ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Unrestricted Access

Large numbers of weaner calves destined for meat production in Australia are born to cows grazing low quality pastures and have low growth rates to weaning. A study was undertaken in a New South Wales subtropical coastal area (Grafton, 29°38′S, 152°54′E) to increase these growth rates by supplementing cows to mid lactation and/or their calves up to weaning. This paper reports on the effects of these supplementation regimes on cow production. Cows were either not supplemented or supplemented with cottonseed meal twice-a-week at 4.2 kg/head over 145 days, commencing before the expected start of calving. Calves, depending on their treatment group, either had unrestricted access to a ‘creep’ containing a high-energy, high-protein pellet given from 75 or 150 days old, or had no access at all to ‘creep’ feed. However, all cows and their calves had access to mineral blocks. Cottonseed meal-supplemented cows were heavier (408 v. 362 kg) and had higher condition scores (3.3 v. 2.9 units) than non-supplemented cows when weighed and scanned in November 1996, after all cows had calved, and they maintained these differences until April 1997 when calves were weaned. There was a trend for cows, whose calves had access to a ‘creep’ from 150 days old, to gain weight towards the end of lactation whereas cows from other treatment groups lost weight. Non-supplemented cows had a 3-fold greater daily intake of mineral blocks than cottonseed meal cows (178 v. 61 g/cow) providing them with an additional 9.8 g phosphorus/cow. Cottonseed meal cows were observed to have fewer grazing incidences (60 v. 75% of activities) during supplementation than non-supplemented cows, with grazing instances increasing for all cows during lactation. Cottonseed meal cows whose calves had access to ‘creep’ feed continued to have fewer grazing incidences (74 v. 90%) than other cows 70 days post-supplementation. Milk yield was higher in cottonseed meal cows than in non-supplemented cows (4.8 v. 4.0 kg/day). Following a synchronised insemination program, at the end of cottonseed meal supplementation, the pregnancy rate of formerly cottonseed meal-supplemented cows was twice that (40 v. 20%) of non-supplemented cows. The combination of cottonseed meal supplements and macrominerals from blocks improved cow liveweight, condition score, milk yield and fertility, and was a successful strategy for increasing production from low quality pastures.

The effects of milking cows three times daily

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Total Food ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Daily Milk

ABSTRACTThe experiment assessed the effects on performance from calving to the 20th week of lactation of milking cows three times daily (3 × ) compared to milking twice daily (2 × ). After 20 weeks all cows were milked 2 ×. Each treatment consisted of 18 cows and 11 heifers. The mid-calving date was 21 September 1979.Complete diets of the same composition were offered separately to each group in quantities equivalent to 1040 g/kg of their previous intake. The diet for the first 18 weeks of lactation was estimated to have an energy concentration within the range 11·0 to 11·3 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. After 18 weeks, the diet was reformulated to reduce the energy concentration to 10·3 MJ per kg dry matter. Total food intakes for the 20 weeks of treatment were 2352 kg dry matter (3 ×) and 2241 kg dry matter (2 ×). From 8 April 1980 the cows were turned out to grass to complete their lactations.During the 20 weeks the mean daily milk yields of heifers were 19·3kg (3×) and 171kg (2×) (P<005). Cow yields were 28·4 (3×) and 23·9 kg (2×) (P< 0·001) during the same period. After 3× daily milking ceased, there were some positive carry-over effects on milk yield and food intake.Lactation yields from heifers were 4881 (3 ×) and 4498 kg (2×), whilst for cows the equivalent yields were 6485 (3 ×) and 5694 kg (2 ×) (P<0·01). There were no significant differences in milk quality. At 20 weeks after calving the cows milked 3 × daily had gained less weight, but by 44 weeks from calving the weight gains were similar at 42 (3 ×) and 45 kg (2 ×).

The influence of wilting and season of silage harvest and the fat and protein concentration of the supplement on milk production and food utilization by lactating cattle

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Peoples ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Utilization Data

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the influence of pre-wilting and season of harvesting of silage on milk production and food utilization by dairy cattle and also the response to protein and fat concentration of the supplement given with silage. Twenty-four lactating British Friesian cows were used i n a four-period, partially balanced, change-over design experiment to evaluate 12 treatments consisting of three silage types (spring harvest unwilted (lUnW), autumn harvest unwilted (3UnW) and autumn harvest wilted (3W), each offered in addition to supplements containing both two crude protein levels (160 and 210 g/kg fresh weight) and two levels of inclusion of a fat supplement (0 and 100 g/kg fresh weight) in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All supplements were offered at the same rate of 6·8 kg/day. Total diet digestibility and food utilization studies were carried out on all animals at the end of the third and fourth experimental periods.The wilted silage (3W) had a higher digestibility than the unwilted (3UnW) material and animals offered 3W silage consumed proportionately 0·18 more silage DM and produced 1·6 MJ/day more milk energy output than those offered 3UnW. The total ration digesibility and food utilization data showed the animals given the 3W silage consumed 13·5 MJ more metabolizable energy (ME) per day than those offered the 3UnW silage and were less efficient at converting the ME available for production into milk energy output than those given the 3UnW silage (efficiencies were 0·58 and 0·53 for 3UnW and 3W silages respectively).There were no differences between the digestibilities of the spring (lUnW) and autumn (3UnW) silages with the concentrations of digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DM) being 650 and 648 g/kg respectively. However, animals offered lUnW silage consumed proportionately 0·12 more DM and produced 1·05 kg/day more fat-corrected milk than those given 3UnW silage. The food utilization data indicated that this milk production difference could be accounted for by the higher ME intake on lUnW and that the efficiencies of conversion of ME available for production to milk energy output were similar with both seasons of harvests (efficiencies were 0·57 and 0·58 for lUnW and 3UnW respectively).Increasing the crude protein concentration of the supplement from 160 to 210 g/kg increased silage DM intake, milk yield and milk energy output by 0·2 kg, 0·66 kg and 1·9 MJ/day respectively with the response being greatest with lUnW and least with 3UnW silage. Increasing the fat concentration of the supplement depressed silage DM intake but increased milk yield by 0·53 kg/day.The effects of the treatments on total diet digestibility, energy and nitrogen utilization, and the volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen fluid are also given.

The utilization of wilted and unwilted silages by lactating cows and the influence of changes in the protein and energy concentration of the supplement offered

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
A. C. Peoples
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Total Diet

ABSTRACTTwenty-four lactating British Friesian cows were used in a four-period partially balanced change-over design experiment to evaluate eight treatments consisting of two silage types (wilted and unwilted), each offered in addition to supplements containing both two crude protein (CP) levels (160 and 210 g/kg fresh weight) and two energy levels (10·8 and 12·9 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg fresh weight) obtained by including 100 g spray-dried tallow per kg, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All supplements were offered at ttie same rate of 6·8 kg/day and total diet digestibility and food utilization studies were carried out on all animals at the end of the final period of the experiment. A separate two-period change-over design expeximent, using two lactating cows fitted with rumen cannulae, was undertaken to determine the influence of the two silages on volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions in the rumen and to measure the rates of disappearance of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen in the silages and supplements from the rumen.There were no significant interactions between silage and supplement type in terms of animal performance. Animals offered unwilted silage consumed proportionately 003 less DM but produced 0·03 more milk than those offered wilted silage. Although total diet digestibility was not influenced by silage type because of the higher gross energy concentration of the unwilted silage the ME intake with this diet was higher than with the diet based on wilted silage and the ratios of milk energy output to ME available for production (0·54) were similar with both silages. Silage type had no effect on the rumen VFA proportions but influenced the jates of disappearance of DM and nitrogen from the rumen.Increasing the CP concentratioryof the supplement had no effect on the intake of silage DM but resulted in a significant incrase in milk yield (0·55 kg/day) but due to a reduction in milk fat concentration there was np etfect on yield of either fat-corrected milk or milk energy. The use of the higher energy supplement depressed the intake of silage DM by 0·46 kg/day but resulted in an increase in milk yield of 0·74 kg/day. Neither CP nor energy concentration of the supplement had any effect on DM or energy digestibility of the total diet but there were considerable differences between supplements in the patterns of nitrogen and DM disappearance from the rumen.

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