EFFECTS OF PROLONGED COLD AND THE OUTDOOR WINTER ENVIRONMENT ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY IN SHEEP AND CATTLE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Temperature Exposure

Digestion experiments were performed on sheep and cattle exposed for prolonged periods to various temperatures in controlled environmental chambers and in field studies on cattle kept outdoors during the winter. Exposure of sheep receiving pelleted hay or a hay–grain mixture to cold (−6.5–−10 C) temperatures as compared to warm (18 C) temperatures resulted in reductions in the apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen which could not be explained by changes in feed intake. In sheep, DM digestibility decreased on average by 0.31% per degree C decrease in temperature. Exposure of two cows to −11 C for 4 wk did not influence the apparent digestibilities of DM, energy or nitrogen of a long hay ration compared to values measured at 20 C. In the field studies, beef calves consuming an equal mixture of chopped hay and grain and kept outdoors during winter had apparent digestibilities of DM which were on average 8% lower (P < 0.05) than calves on the same ration kept in a heated barn. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was also lower (P < 0.05) for the calves kept outdoors. Beef steers kept outdoors during winter and fed an equal mixture of chopped hay and grain had significantly lower apparent digestibilities of DM and acid detergent fiber (P < 0.01) than steers kept indoors. In the steers, low apparent digestibilities tended to be associated with high resting metabolic rates. The effect of temperature on the steers was smaller than that observed for calves although the diets were similar. The decreases in DM digestibility per degree decrease in temperature were: for the calves, 0.21% per degree C and, for the steers, 0.08% per degree C, suggesting that the digestive function in younger, smaller animals my be more markedly influenced by environmental temperature than that of older, larger animals.

scholarly journals Diet components as internal indicators in the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients for Nile tilapia

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-400
Author(s):  
Rafael Lopes da Silva ◽  
Eric Portilho de Araújo ◽  
Mariucha Karina Honório Ribeiro Rocha ◽  
Flavia Mota Damasceno ◽  
Jakeline Marcela Azambuja de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dunnett's Test

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the diet components - crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin - as internal indicators in the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, and of the nutrients - crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acids - in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Groups of ten juveniles (80.3±1 g) were randomly distributed in six tanks of 250 L and fed two practical diets, either of a plant-origin diet or of a plant- and animal-origin diet. Both diets were supplemented with 0.1% chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3). Faeces were collected by the modified Guelph system. The apparent digestibility coefficients were determined by the content difference of the internal indicators, present in the diets and faeces, and compared by Dunnett’s test to those obtained by the use of Cr2O3. Cellulose was effective in the determination of the apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, and nutrients of both experimental diets; and the acid detergent fiber was effective only for the diet composed exclusively of plant-origin ingredients. The use of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and lignin as digestibility indicators was inefficient for the analyzed nutrients of both diets. Therefore, cellulose is the most suitable indicator for digestibility evaluation in Nile tilapia.

EFFECTS OF COLD EXPOSURE ON YOUNG GROWING LAMBS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. McBRIDE ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Key Words Cold

The performance and development of young Iambs housed at 0 ± 1 °C or 21 ± 1 °C were compared in two experiments. Despite similar nutrient intakes for both treatment groups, preweaning growth rate of the cold-exposed lambs tended to be reduced. Bone growth from 4 to 9 wk of age revealed a significant effect of temperature on metatarsal length (P < 0.05). By 10 wk of age morphological differences between the two groups were apparent, especially in terms of smaller ear dimensions (P < 0.01), head (P < 0.10) and metatarsal lengths (P < 0.05) of the cold-exposed lambs. Leg bone lengths after slaughter (13 wk of age) also tended to be shorter for the lambs housed at 0 °C. Organ weights measured after 11 wk of differential temperature exposure were similar for both groups except for slightly increased abomasal and thyroid weights (P < 0.10) in the cold-exposed group. Dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities of a concentrate ration fed to the weaned lambs were not affected by treatment, although nitrogen retention (g/day, g/g digestible N intake) was significantly lowered (P < 0.05) as a result of cold exposure. Key words: Cold, growth, digestion, morphology, lambs

scholarly journals Effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility and consumption time of diet for equines

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
F.C.D. Araújo ◽  
M.G. Cruz ◽  
J.C.C. Balieiro ◽  
M.L. Menezes ◽  
C.G. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility of diet for horses, consumption time, and particle size of feces. Nine horses were used, aged 14.5±3.3 years and weightng 531±38.7kg. The diet consisted of 1.5% of live weight (LW) in Tifton 85 hay and 0.75% of LW in concentrate for both assays. The experiment consisted of two tests of apparent digestibility using the method of total collection, before and after the odontoplasty, where the consumption time of hay and concentrate was also evaluated and the particle size of the feces was analyzed. An effect (P<0.05) of odontoplasty on the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed. Effect of the consumption time for the concentrate (P<0.05) was observed, but not for the forage (P<0.05). There was more retention (P<0.05) of the fecal particles in the sieves of bigger granulometry. The odontoplasty increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and feces particle size, without changing feces quality. Animals after the procedure have shorter concentrate consumption time.

scholarly journals The effects of fiber supplementation on diet digestibility by silver foxes

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Faulkner ◽  
D. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Meat Type

A digestibility study with Silver foxes weighing 6.5 ± 0.1 kg was conducted to evaluate five fibers (hemicellulose (X), α-cellulose (C), pectin (P), oat bran (B) and oat hulls (H)) added at 5% to a meat-type diet (A). Apparent digestibility of dry matter in diet P (65.1%) was significantly poorer (P < 0.05) than all others except C (69.1%). Addition of all fibers reduced digestibility of acid detergent fiber. Diet P resulted in weight loss, increased water consumption, and faster rate of passage than diet A (P < 0.05). Key words: Digestibility, oat bran, rate of passage, hemicellulose, fiber, fox

scholarly journals Intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of sheep fed cashew nut meal

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1128-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Guimarães Pimentel ◽  
Elzânia Sales Pereira ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Ivone Yurika Mizubuti ◽  
José Gilson Louzada Regadas Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Total Carbohydrates

The objective of this work was to evaluate intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of sheep fed rations with cashew nut meal (CNM) at the levels of 0; 10; 20 and 30% in the concentrate ration. It was used a double 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design. Intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, mineral matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients were not influenced by the addition of CNM, however, intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber and total carbohydrates presented a quadratic behavior with the increase of content of lipids in the ration. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, NDF, acid detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates was not influenced by the addition of CNM in the rations; however digestibility of ether extract and total carbohydrates presented quadratic and linear behavior, respectively. It was not observed any significant differences in time spent with feeding and rumination, however, total chewing time was influenced, presenting increasing linear behavior with the levels of CNM. Concerning to intakes of dry matter and NDF per hour, feed efficiency and rumination were not affected by increase on lipid content in the rations. Ruminating chews time per rumen bolus, number of ruminated boli and the number of ruminating chews per day were not influenced by experimental rations. In sheep feeding management, it is suggested as a feeding alternative the use of up to 30% of CNM in the concentrate ration if it is available.

EFFECT OF CECECTOMY ON DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENTS AND NITROGEN BALANCE IN PONIES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. SAUER ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
R. J. PARKER ◽  
N. E. STANGER ◽  
S. C. STOTHERS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Matter Energy

Two balance studies were conducted using intact and cecectomized ponies to compare the utilization of low and high concentrate diets as well as low concentrate diets with and without added urea. In addition, the use of chromic oxide in digestion was evaluated. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, protein, crude and acid-detergent fiber were consistently lower when the indicator method as opposed to the total collection procedure was employed. With the exception of fat, for which digestibility increased, the digestilities of dry matter, energy, protein, crude and acid-detergent fiber decreased following removal of the cecum. Cecectomy had no effect on nitrogen balance. There were no interactions between the effects of surgery and those of diets. This shows that there was no apparent advantage resulting from cecal fermentation in the utilization of the low concentrate diet. Addition of urea to a low protein, low concentrate diet tended to improve nitrogen balance regardless of cecectomy.

Effect of molasses-urea supplements on digestibility of mature carpet grass (Axonopus affinis) and liveweight change of beef steers

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
RDH Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Matter Energy

Supplements of dried molasses (500 g) alone or with urea (60 g and 120 g) were given each day to Angus steers fed mature carpet grass (Axonopus affinis) hay in pens. The addition of molasses to the basal diet resulted in increased dry matter intake of the hay (P<0,05) and apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen (P<0.05) and a decrease in liveweight loss (P<0.05). The further addition of either 60 g or 120 g of urea to the diet, however, resulted in no further increases in dry matter intake or apparent digestibility of dry matter or energy although there was an increase in the apparent digestibility of nitrogen with each increment of urea (P< 0.05).

INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY IN STEERS FED GRASS HAY SUPPLEMENTED WITH CORN OR BARLEY AND FISH MEAL OR SOYBEAN MEAL

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. SEOANE ◽  
A.-M. CHRISTEN ◽  
S. DION
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Twenty crossbred steers (493 ± 6 kg) were used to study the effects of two types of cereal (cracked corn or rolled barley) and two protein supplements (fish meal or soybean meal) on voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of grass hay based diets for beef steers. Diets contained 65% concentrate and 35% roughage as fed. Daily digestible energy intake, expressed as MJ kg−0.75 body weight, was 15% higher in steers fed barley (P < 0.01) and 10% higher when fish meal was fed instead of soybean meal (P < 0.04). Apparent digestion coefficients of DM and acid detergent fiber were similar for the four diets. Apparent protein digestibility was 30.5% higher in steers receiving barley (P < 0.01). Energy digestibility was slightly higher (6.5%, P < 0.14) for animals receiving barley compared with those receiving corn, probably because digestibility of barley starch was 7.3% higher (P < 0.01). Thus, digestible energy values of barley diets were 6.3% higher than those of corn diets. The results suggest that rolled barley was superior to cracked corn and fish meal superior to soybean meal when fed with grass hay to steers. Key words: Cattle, fish meal, soybean meal, corn, barley

scholarly journals 335 Metabolizable protein requirement of lightweight beef calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 136-136
Author(s):  
Miles D Redden ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
Joshua C McCann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Body Weights

Abstract The objective was to assess the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements of lightweight beef steers. The 2016 Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (BCNRM) prediction of MP requirements in lightweight beef steers (less than 250 kg) is limited by available performance data in beef calves. Fall born Angus × Simmental crossbred steers (n = 172; BW = 153 kg) were weaned at 70 d of age (± 26 d), backgrounded 73 d, implanted with Component TE-IS, blocked by BW as light (96–163 kg) or heavy (163–215 kg), and assigned to one of four treatments for 56 d. Treatment diets provided MP at: 0.59 (MP1), 0.69 (MP2), 0.85 (MP3), and 0.91 kg per d (MP4) based on observed DMI. Energy was similar across all treatments at 2.14 Mcal/kg ME. Shrunk body weights were collected on d 0 and 56 to estimate performance. Dry matter intake was affected (P < 0.01) by treatment and increased (linear; P < 0.01) with greater provision of MP. As a percent of shrunk body weight, DMI averaged 2.8% and tended (linear; P = 0.07) to increase with MP. Based on observed DMI, ADG for MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 was predicted using the BCNRM at 1.15, 1.55, 1.99, and 1.98 kg, respectively. Observed ADG increased quadratically (P = 0.01) with MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 gaining 1.86, 2.13, 2.3, and 2.3 kg, respectively. Final BW increased (quadratic; P = 0.02) with greater MP as MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 were 258, 273, 282, and 284 kg, respectively. Gain:feed increased quadratically (P = 0.04) with observed values for MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 being 0.323, 0.357, 0.359, and 0.360, respectively. Steer ADG response exceeded BCNRM predictions by 29%. Data suggest MP requirements of lightweight beef steers (BW = 213 kg) are 0.85 kg per d to achieve 2.3 kg ADG when fed a 2.14 Mcal/kg ME diet.

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