EFFECTS OF COPPER ON PERFORMANCE, FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF DEPOT FAT AND FATTY ACYL DESATURASE ACTIVITIES IN PIGS FED A DIET WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL COPPER

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. HO ◽  
J. I. ELLIOT ◽  
G. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Fatty Acyl Desaturase ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Long Chain

Twenty crossbred barrows were equalized as to litter origin into two groups, with or without 250 ppm supplemental dietary copper. The presence of supplemental copper in the diet resulted in deteriorations in both average daily gain and feed conversion. Increases in the proportions of major long-chain unsaturated acids and concomitant decreases in the proportions of saturated acids of depot fat were associated with enhanced capacities of hepatic and adipose microsomes to desaturate stearate, oleate and palmitate among copper-supplemented pigs. The increase in the copper content of the hepatic microsomal fraction of copper-supplemented pigs was small in comparison with increases in other subcellular fractions. Several levels of copper or L-histidine were added to microsomal preparations from control or from copper-supplemented pigs. These in vitro additions did not elicit significant alterations in the rates of fatty acid desaturations to the extent that one would expect if copper functioned as an activating ion. It is inferred, therefore, that copper is involved in the desaturation reactions as a component of a cuproprotein enzyme(s).

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PORCINE DEPOT FAT AS RELATED TO THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL DIETARY COPPER ON THE SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES OF FATTY ACYL DESATURASE SYSTEMS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. HO ◽  
J. I. ELLIOT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Fatty Acyl Desaturase ◽  
Specific Activities

Copper supplementation of a swine diet (barley-wheat-soybean meal) at a level of 250 ppm was associated with improved average daily gain, reduction in the melting point of the depot fat, increase in liver copper, decreased proportions of stearic and palmitic acids and concomitant increases in proportion of the medium-chain myristic acid as well as those of the major long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the depot fat, and increases in the capacities of hepatic and adipose microsomes to desaturate 1-14C-oleate (in the presence of coenzyme A, ATP, Mg2+) and 1-14C-palmitoyl-CoA. There were neither sex differences nor copper × sex interactions. It is suggested that supplemental dietary copper enhances the specific activities of the fatty acyl desaturase systems, and that this enhancement contributes to the observed changes in fatty acid composition of the depot fat.

scholarly journals The regulation of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Effects of insulin, adrenaline and some metabolites in vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Saggerson ◽  
A. L. Greenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Hexose Monophosphate ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway ◽  
Long Chain

1. Adipose tissues from rats fed a balanced diet were incubated in the presence of glucose (20mm) with the following additions: insulin, anti-insulin serum, insulin+acetate, insulin+pyruvate, insulin+lactate, insulin+phenazine methosulphate, insulin+oleate+albumin, insulin+adrenaline+albumin, insulin+6-N-2′-O-dibutyryl 3′:5′-cyclic AMP+albumin. 2. Measurements were made of the whole tissue concentrations of adenine nucleotides, hexose phosphates, triose phosphates, glycerol 1-phosphate, 3 phosphoglycerate, 6-phosphogluconate, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, acid-soluble CoA, citrate, isocitrate, malate and 2-oxoglutarate, and of the release into the incubation medium of lactate, pyruvate and glycerol after 1h of incubation. 3. Fluxes of [14C]glucose carbon through the major pathways of glucose metabolism were calculated from the yields of 14C in various products after 2h of incubation. Fluxes of [14C]acetate, [14C]pyruvate or [14C]lactate carbon in the presence of glucose were also determined. 4. Measurements were also made of the whole-tissue concentrations of metabolites in tissues taken directly from Nembutal-anaesthetized rats. 5. Whole tissue mass-action ratios for phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase and the combined (aldolase×triose phosphate isomerase) reaction were similar in vivo and in vitro. The reactants of phosphofructokinase appeared to be far from mass-action equilibrium. In vitro, the reactants of hexokinase also appeared to be far from mass-action equilibrium. 6. Correlation of observed changes in glycolytic flux with changes in fructose 6-phosphate concentration suggested that phosphofructokinase may show regulatory behaviour. The enzyme appeared to be activated in the presence of oleate or adrenaline and to be inhibited in the presence of lactate or pyruvate. 7. Evidence is presented that the reactants of lactate dehydrogenase and glycerol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase may be near to mass-action equilibrium in the cytoplasm. 8. No satisfactory correlations could be drawn between the whole-tissue concentrations of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, citrate and glycerol 1-phosphate and the observed rates of triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis. Under the conditions employed, the concentration of glycerol 1-phosphate appeared to depend mainly on the cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratios. 9. Calculated hexose monophosphate pathway flux rates roughly correlated with fatty acid synthesis rates and with whole tissue [6-phosphogluconate]/[glucose 6-phosphate] ratios. The relative rates of production of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis by the hexose monophosphate pathway and by the `malic enzyme' are discussed. It is suggested that all NADH produced in the cytoplasm may be used in that compartment for reductive synthesis of fatty acids, lactate or glycerol 1-phosphate.

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN B12 ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF PIGS FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH PROPIONIC ACID OR CALCIUM PROPIONATE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. THACKER ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Calcium Propionate ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

Effects of vitamin B12 supplementation of diets containing propionic acid (PA) or calcium propionate (CP) on average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), backfat measurements and fatty acid (FA) composition, were studied utilizing 80 crossbred pigs averaging 22.5 kg. Diets based on barley-soybean meal, containing 0, 3.5 or 7% PA or CP were fed with and without the addition of 4.95 mg of vitamin B12 per kg of diet. The addition of PA depressed average daily feed(ADF) intake, while CP had no effect. ADG was reduced when either 7% PA or CP was fed, but ADG was slightly improved when 3.5% PA or CP was fed. FCE was improved when 3.5 or 7% PA or 3.5% CP was fed, but 7% CP depressed FCE. Vitamin B12 supplementation slightly improved the ADG and FCE of pigs fed CP, but had no effect on pigs fed PA. None of these differences was significant at the 5% level. Addition of CP significantly reduced the thickness of carcass backfat in treated pigs. Supplementation with vitamin B12 eliminated this reduction. A similar, though non-significant, trend was observed with PA. Pigs fed 7% PA or CP had significantly higher levels of odd-chain FA 17:0 and 17:1 in carcass back fat. Addition of vitamin B12 mollified this effect. In addition, vitamin B12 supplementation of PA-treated pigs significantly increased the levels of the unsaturated FA 18:2 and 18:3.

scholarly journals The synthesis and hydrolysis of long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A thioesters by soluble and microsomal fractions from the brain of the developing rat

1976 ◽  
Vol 160 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Brophy ◽  
D E Vance
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Arachidic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Coa Hydrolase ◽  
Long Chain

1. The specific activities of long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase (EC6.2.1.3) and of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase (EC3.1.2.2) were measured in soluble and microsomal fractions from rat brain. 2. In the presence of either palmitic acid or stearic acid, the specific activity of the ligase increased during development; the specific activity of this enzyme with arachidic acid or behenic acid was considerably lower. 3. The specific activities of palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase and of stearoyl-CoA hydrolase in the microsomal fraction decreased markedly (75%) between 6 and 20 days after birth; by contrast, the corresponding specific activities in the soluble fraction showed no decline. 4. Stearoyl-CoA hydrolase in the microsomal fraction is inhibited (99%) by bovine serum albumin; this is in contrast with the microsomal fatty acid-chain-elongation system, which is stimulated 3.9-fold by albumin. Inhibition of stearoyl-CoA hydrolase does not stimulate stearoyl-CoA chain elongation. Therefore it does not appear likely that the decline in the specific activity of hydrolase during myelogenesis is responsible for the increased rate of fatty acid chain elongation. 5. It is suggested that the decline in specific activity of the microsomal hydrolase and to a lesser extent the increase in the specific activity of the ligase is directly related to the increased demand for long-chain acyl-CoA esters during myelogenesis as substrates in the biosynthesis of myelin lipids.

Comparison of lignosulfonate-treated canola meal and soybean meal as rumen undegradable protein supplements for lambs

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Stanford ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
Z. Xu ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
M. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Experiments

An experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of lignosulfonate (LSO3) treatment on the rumen-undegradable protein (RUDP) value of canola meal (CM) and soybean meal (SM). Canola meal and SM were treated with 7% LSO3 and heated (95 °C) for 1 h. Treated and untreated meals were compared in vitro, in situ and in digestibility and growth experiments using Romanov × Suffolk and Romanov × Dorset lambs. Lambs were fed four barley-based diets [13.5% crude protein (CP)] with one of CM, SM, LSO3-treated CM (LSO3-CM) or LSO3-treated SM (LSO3-SM) as protein supplements. Lignosulfonate treatment increased acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) five-fold in SM and threefold in CM. After 6 h incubation with ruminal fluid, ammonia production from LSO3-treated meals was one-half that from untreated meals. Lignosulfonate treatment reduced (P < 0.01) in situ rates of dry matter (DM) and protein disappearance and the soluble DM and protein fractions for both SM and CM, but not the potentially digestible fractions. No differences in feed conversion or average daily gain (P > 0.05) were found among the treatments. Although LSO3 treatment did not improve the ADG of lambs fed barley-based diets, it increased the RUDP value of SM and CM without adverse effects on digestibility. Key words: Lignosulfonate, canola meal, soybean meal, lamb

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