EFFECTS OF ROASTING AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE UTILIZATION OF SOYBEANS BY PIGS AND RATS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. OLSEN ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
G. C. ASHTON
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Maximum Response ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Roasting Time

Three experiments involving 96 pigs and 48 rats were conducted to evaluate the effects of roasting temperature and particle size on the utilization of soybeans. The discharge temperature of roasted soybeans ranged from 110 to 162 C with an average roasting time of 1 min. A range of particle sizes was obtained by using three different screen sizes (2.38-, 3.14- and 4.76-mm holes) in a hammermill used to process the soybeans. Regression analyses of the data indicated that the response in terms of liveweight gain to changes in roasting temperature was quadratic, with maximum response between 130 and 150 C. The digestibility coefficients were slightly lower for diets containing soybeans roasted to temperatures below 130 C than for diets containing soybeans roasted to higher temperatures. The grinding treatments applied to the soybeans did not significantly affect the growth response or the digestibility coefficients for dry matter and protein.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of fused magnesium potassium phosphate for marandu grass

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1855-1862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdeci Orioli Júnior ◽  
Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Price ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Matter Production

The current high price of KCl and great dependence on importation to satisfy the Brazilian demand indicate the need for studies that evaluate the efficiency of other K sources, particularly those based on domestic raw material. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with samples of a sandy clay loam Typic Haplustox, in a completely randomized 4 x 3 x 2 factorial design: four K rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 mg kg-1), three sources (potassium chloride (KCl), fused magnesium potassium phosphate (FMPP) and a mixture of 70 % FMPP + 30 % KCl) and two particle sizes (100 and 60 mesh), with three replications. Potassium fertilization resulted in significant increases in shoot dry matter production and in K concentrations, both in soil and plants. The K source and particle size had no significant effect on the evaluated characteristics. Potassium critical levels in the soil and the shoots were 1.53 mmol c dm-3 and 19.1 g kg-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of grain particle size on energy values and chemical components of diets for Label Rouge broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloisa Baleroni Rodrigues de Godoy ◽  
Kênia Ferreira Rodrigues ◽  
Alessandra Gimenez Mascarenhas ◽  
Eder de Sousa Fernandes ◽  
Saullo Diogo de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Ground Corn

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum in different particle sizes for slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were carried out involving 280 chicks of the Label Rouge® Naked Neck broiler line, with 140 chicks allotted to each experiment in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of a reference diet and a test diet (60% reference diet + 40% feedstuff). The feedstuffs were tested and particle size (expressed as geometric mean diameter [GMD, μm] and geometric standard deviation [GSD], respectively) results were 816 and 1.73 for coarsely ground corn, 794 and 1.75 for finely ground corn, 1.517 and 1.92 for pearl millet grain, 760 and 1.63 for finely ground pearl millet (Experiment 1); and 1,866 and 1.86 for whole grain sorghum, 919 and 1.62 for coarsely ground sorghum, and 878 and 1.72 for finely ground sorghum (Experiment 2). A metabolism trial was conducted by using the total excreta collection method to obtain the AME and AMEn values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract. The energy metabolization coefficient did not differ (P > 0.05) between the grains in the different tested particle sizes. However, there was an improvement in the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and ether extract as the particle size of corn was increased. In conclusion, larger grain particle sizes improve the metabolizability of nutrients and energy for slow-growing broilers. Whole-grain sorghum has limited nutritional utilization for slow-growing birds up to 21 days of age.

scholarly journals Effect of Roasting Time and Cryogenic Milling on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Dried Ginseng Powder

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Hayeong Jeong ◽  
Dong Hyeon Park ◽  
Han Geuk Seo ◽  
Mi-Jung Choi ◽  
Youngjae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Cryogenic Milling ◽  
Ginsenoside Content ◽  
Roasting Time

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reduced particle size of ginseng by roasting and cryogenic milling on increasing its water solubility and physiological activity. The samples were roasted for different times (9–21 min) and generated in different sizes (10–50, and >50 μm). All roasted samples revealed significantly smaller particle sizes than did non-roasted samples, based on Sauter mean diameter (D [3,2], p < 0.05). Furthermore, the particle sizes of roasted samples decreased until roasting up to 15 min. In terms of the water solubility index (WSI), antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), and total polysaccharides according to particle size, 10–20 μm-sized samples showed the highest values when compared with >50 μm-sized samples. Based on roasting time, WSI values of all samples roasted for up to 15 min were higher than those of the control (not roasted) (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity and TPC also increased with increasing roasting time. Total polysaccharide content was the highest upon roasting for 15 min, except for the 10–20 μm sample. Ginsenoside content of roasted samples >20 μm size was higher than that of the control (not roasted) except after 15 min of roasting. Therefore, roasting and cryogenic milling are effective in producing ginseng root powder.

scholarly journals Nutritional value, total dry matter losses, effluent production and pollutant potential in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-683
Author(s):  
J.M. Saute ◽  
T.T. Tres ◽  
M.P. Osmari ◽  
S.L. Silva ◽  
J.L.P. Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Compaction Density

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate losses, production and polluting potential of the effluent, nutritional value and aerobic stability of silages of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass, in different particle sizes and compaction density in silage. Three theoretical particle sizes (TTP 5; 8 and 12mm) and three compaction densities (DC 550; 600 and 650kg/m3) were evaluated, distributed in a factorial design (3 x 3), with four repetitions. The highest volume of effluent was found in silages with higher compaction densities (600 and 650kg/m3) and lower TTP (5 and 8mm). The highest chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were registered in the treatment with TTP of 5mm and higher DC (600 and 650kg/m3). Greater in vitro digestibility of DM was verified in the silage chopped at 5 and 8mm. There was no break in aerobic stability for 216 hours. Silage with a low compaction density 550kg/m3 and processing with a theoretical particle size of 12mm reduces effluent losses. In general, the nutritional value of Paiaguás grass was not influenced by the treatments. Different particle sizes and compaction density did not change the aerobic stability of silages.

scholarly journals Comparison between two methods for estimating the digestibility of starch and other nutrients in high moisture sorghum grain silage in horses

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusta Martins Romaniello Gollcher ◽  
José Augusto de Freitas Lima ◽  
Elias Tadeu Fialho ◽  
Paulo Borges Rodriges ◽  
Renato Ribeiro de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sorghum Grain

It was carried out two assays with the purpose of evaluating the mobile nylon bag technique and the method of total feces collection method in the estimative of the apparent digestibility of starch and other nutrients in high moisture sorghum grain silages in horses. Four adult horses of mixed origin at the age of 7 years and average body weight of 330 kg were used. In the first assay, the digestibility of the nutrients in the silage of high moisture sorghum grain with low level of tannin was evaluated by utilizing the total feces collection and the mobile nylon bag technique with silage samples ground in three particle sizes. In the second assay, the two methods were used for estimating the digestibility of the nutrients of the silage of high moisture sorghum grain with high level of tannin. A randomized block experimental design was used, considering each animal as a block. The disappearance of the nutrients, in the naylon bag, of the samples of the high moisture sorghum grain silages ground in three particle sizes of 1, 8 and 13 mm was also evaluated in laboratory. Daily dry matter intake was 2.0% of the body weight and test diets were made up of 30% of high moisture sorghum grain silages and 70% of coast-cross hay. The coefficients of dry matter digestibility, energy and protein of both silages were similar among the total feces collection method and the mobile nylon bag technique when 8-mm feed samples were used. The coefficient of starch digestibility was similar among the methods when sorghum samples were ground at 1 mm in the mobile nylon bag technique. Reduced particle size increased the nutrient losses of the nylon bags after washing in water. The mobile nylon bag technique allows to estimate the digestibility coefficient of nutrients, however, further studies for evaluation of particle size of the samples should be conducted.

Preparation of Barium Aluminate with BaCO3 and Al(OH)3

2015 ◽  
Vol 1096 ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Jun Qi Li ◽  
Ru Kai Wang ◽  
Chao Yi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aluminium Hydroxide ◽  
Barium Carbonate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Barium Aluminate ◽  
Roasting Time

Synthesizing barium aluminate using barium carbonate and aluminium hydroxide, the optimum conditions in reaction process of synthesizing barium aluminate were discussed. The phase of the products was characterized by XRD. The results indicate that the optimal synthesizing conditions are established with the yield of 88.43% when the roasting time is 80min, the roasting temperature is 1350°C and molecular proportion of Al2O3/BaO is 1.1. The bulk density of barium aluminate is 1.5g/cm3; average particle size is 89.808μm; surface mean size is 65.915μm; and the specific surface area is 0.0246016m2/g.

The Extraction of Potassium from Feldspar by Molten Salt Leaching Method with Composite Additives

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 1136-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
De Si Sun ◽  
Hong Bao
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Salt Leaching ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Roasting Time

Effects of ratios of feldspar to CaCl2 to NaCl, roasting temperature ,roasting time and particle size on the melting-out rate of potassium from feldspar was studied by roasting. Results showed that the highest melting-out rate of potassium reached at 95.35% under the ratio of 1.8:1.1:0.6 of feldspar to CaCl2 to NaCl, particle size 220mesh, roasting temperature 800°C, roasting time 1h.

scholarly journals Mechanism and Kinetics of Ammonium Sulfate Roasting of Boron-Bearing Iron Tailings for Enhanced Metal Extraction

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Xiaoshu Lv ◽  
Fuhui Cui ◽  
Zhiqiang Ning ◽  
Michael L. Free ◽  
Yuchun Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Optimal Processing ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Apparent Activation Energies ◽  
Roasting Time

The large amount of boron-bearing iron tailings in China is a resource for metals that needs to be more completely and efficiently utilized. In this evaluation, the ammonium sulfate roasting process was used to make a controllable phase transformation to facilitate the subsequent extraction of valuable metals from boron-bearing iron tailings. The effects of roasting temperature, roasting time, the molar ratio of ammonium sulfate to tailings, and the particle size on the extraction of elements were investigated. The orthogonal experimental design of experiments was used to determine the optimal processing conditions. XRD (X-Ray Diffractomer), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and simultaneous DSC–TG analyzer were used to assist in elucidating the mechanism of ammonium sulfate roasting. The experimental results showed that nearly all Fe, Al, and Mg were extracted under the following conditions: (1) the molar ratio of ammonium sulfate to iron tailings was 3:1; (2) the roasting temperature was 450 °C; (3) the roasting time was 120 min.; and, (4) the particle size was less than 80 μm. The kinetics analysis indicated that the sulfation of metals was controlled by internal diffusion, with the apparent activation energies of 17.10 kJ·mol−1, 17.85 kJ·mol−1, 19.79 kJ·mol−1, and 29.71 kJ·mol−1 for Fe, Al, Mg, and B, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Broken Coffee Beans Particle Size, Roasting Temperature, and Roasting Time on Quality of Coffee Beverage

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ezana Getaneh ◽  
Solomon Workneh Fanta ◽  
Neela Satheesh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Sensory Acceptability ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Roasting Process ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Roasting Time

Optimum flavor and aroma of the coffee are developed during the roasting process. However, certain problems exist in the coffee roasting process such as partial charring, over roasting, and poor temperature distribution across the coffee bean (due to the low thermal conductivity of bean), if conditions are not optimized. Hence, uniform temperature distribution across the coffee bean in the roasting process is highly desirable. To achieve these requirements, the broken coffee beans were positioned in a single layer packed bed arrangement using the closed system by circulating hot air. In this experiment, three factors were arranged in a completely randomized design with three levels and three replications. The first factor considered was roasting temperature (200°C, 230°C, and 260°C), second factor was roasting time (5 min, 10 min, and 15 min), and third was particle size (4–6 mm, 2.36–3.35 mm, and 1.7–2.36 mm). The initial moisture content of raw beans (cv. Limu) was determined. The data were collected on selective physical properties of roasted coffee beans and sensory acceptability of prepared beverage. The results showed that the physical properties and sensory acceptability are significantly high ( P < 0.001 ). It depends on the interaction effect of all the studied factors. Among the studies parameters, roasting temperature of 230°C with a particle size range of 4–6 mm showed the steady transition in dry mass loss and change in bulk density with increase in roasting duration. Coffee roasted at 230°C for 10 min with a particle size of 4–6 mm showed the highest sensory acceptability score (89.21). In conclusion, it can be said that a temperature of 230°C, a time of 10 min, and a particle size between 2.36–3.35 mm and 4–6 mm are recommended conditions for the roasting process of coffee beans.

scholarly journals Feed forms of different particle sizes: growth response, carcass yield and intestinal villus morphology of growing rabbits

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Olajide Mark SOGUNLE ◽  
Olusegun Oladipo OLATUNBOSUN ◽  
Olajide Andrew ADEYEMI ◽  
Oludele Abimbola OSO ◽  
Deji Abiodun EKUNSEITAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Intestinal Villus ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Dressing Percentage

Several studies revealed inconsistencies in recommended feed particle size for optimal growth and productive performance of rabbits. Information on the interaction effect of feed form and feed particle size on rabbit’s growth performance and gut morphology is thereby a growing concern. Hence, the growth response, carcass yield and intestinal villus morphology of thirty-six growing male rabbits of mixed breeds (Chinchilla × New Zealand White) weighing between 550-600g were determined using two feed forms (FF): pellets and crumbs of different particle sizes (PS): 1 and 2 mm. The rabbits were allotted on weight equalization basis to crumbs and pellets composed of 1 and 2 mm PS in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental layout and subjected to Completely Randomized Design. Nine (9) rabbits were assigned to each treatment made of three replicates of three rabbits each. The rabbits were maintained on concentrate diets ad libitum for 10 weeks. Two rabbits per replicate with representative mean live weight were selected for carcass evaluation at the 10th week and the remaining one was used for intestinal villus morphology. FF and PS significantly (P<0.05) influenced the cost/kg feed but did not influence the growth responses. Rabbits on 1mm PS feed had a higher (P<0.05) dressing percentage (65.61 %) than 2 mm. Also, rabbits fed crumbs containing 1 mm PS recorded the highest dressing percentage. Rabbits on 1mm PS feed had a higher (P<0.05) lamina propria depth (172.50 µm) and apical width (52.50 µm) of ileum. Significant (P<0.05) interaction effects were observed for lamina propria depth (LPD) and basal width with rabbits fed crumbs of 1 mm PS having the highest LPD. It was concluded that carcass yield of growing rabbits could be optimized by feeding pellets or crumbs of 1mm particle size.

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