RAPESEED, PEANUT AND SOYBEAN MEALS AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS: DIETARY AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND POSTPRANDIAL PLASMA AMINO ACID PATTERN AS INDICES OF PERFORMANCE OF PIGS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. OROK ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Daily Gain

Postprandial plasma amino acid concentration and chemical score were compared with average daily gain to assess the supplemental values of prepress solvent-extracted rapeseed (RSM), solvent-extracted peanut (PNM) and solvent-extracted soybean meals (SBM) by identifying the limiting amino acids in each of the supplements. Eight diets utilizing these supplements as sole or combined supplements were involved, and to one of these diets lysine was added. Blood was sampled by anterior vena cava puncture at 13–14 wk of age following 8–9 wk on test. Preprandial samples were taken after a 24-h fast followed by other samples at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h postprandial, respectively. A quadratic equation was used to estimate the peak and peaking time for each replicate by treatment combination. Chemical score based on National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (NAS–NRC (1973)) requirement identified lysine as the first limiting amino acid. The deficiency was most acute with PNM, followed by RSM, which was consistent with dietary lysine analysis. Postprandial plasma amino acid levels corresponded with dietary levels, but in diets containing RSM, relatively high plasma lysine values were not reflected in high average daily gain, suggesting that plasma lysine levels are doubtful indicators of expected performance for pigs fed different protein supplements. Significant (P < 0.01) variation in peaking time between plasma amino acids within each diet could explain some of the discrepancies in the relationship of plasma lysine levels to average daily gain.

Blood amino acid studies: Prediction of limiting amino acids in mixtures of dietary proteins

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Venkat Rao ◽  
F. J. Noel ◽  
J. M. McLaughlan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Chick Pea ◽  
Methionine Deficiency ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Plasma Methods ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Diets containing mixtures of cereals and protein supplements were fed ad libitum to male weanling rats 18 h daily for 5 days. The cereals consisted of rice, wheat, and corn, and the supplements included peanut, soy, cottonseed, and chick pea flours. Levels of plasma lysine, methionine, threonine, trytophan, leucine, and isoleucine were determined. Two methods designated as plasma amino acid (PAA) score and PAA ratio were tested for predicting the limiting amino acids in the diets utilizing the PAA data. Chemical score values were calculated from the amino acid content of the mixtures. Growth tests were also carried out with the diets, with or without a supplement of the amino acids indicated to be limiting by PAA score and PAA ratio methods. PAA ratios, PAA scores, and protein efficiency ratio data of rats indicated that lysine and threonine were equally limiting in rice–peanut, rice–soy, rice–cottonseed, rice – chick pea, wheat–peanut, and wheat–cottonseed diets. Plasma methods were also correct in showing that lysine was the limiting amino acid in corn–peanut, corn–soy, and corn–cottonseed mixtures. Plasma methods did not indicate a methionine deficiency when this amino acid was co-limiting with lysine and threonine. Chemical score failed to detect the threonine deficiency present in 8 of 12 diets. Limiting amino acids were not established for the corn – chick pea diet. It was interesting that the effective amino acid supplement for 8 of 12 diets required threonine in addition to lysine. It was concluded that the PAA methods are effective for predicting a deficiency of a single amino acid or of two co-limiting amino acids, but less satisfactory for predicting multiple amino acid deficiencies.

The effect of moderate amino acid excesses on the food intake and growth rate of growing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
S. Langer ◽  
M.F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Gain

Food intake is one of the most important factors governing animal performance. Amongst the dietary variables that affect food intake, both deficiencies and excesses of protein and amino acids are known to be important. Moreover, excesses of certain amino acids may alter protein utilisation and consequently animal performance. Although large amino acid excesses have been shown in various experiments to alter food intake of weanling or growing pigs (Baker, 1993) the effects of the moderate amino acid excesses that may arise in normal diet formulation have been little studied. The objective of this experiment was to study if a 100% excess of single amino acids in a diet with an 'ideally' balanced amino acid pattern could alter daily food intake, average daily gain or food conversion ratio in growing pigs. The excesses used were relatively small to investigate the effect of excess within the range that might be found in practice.

The effect of moderate amino acid excesses on the food intake and growth rate of growing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
S. Langer ◽  
M.F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Gain

Food intake is one of the most important factors governing animal performance. Amongst the dietary variables that affect food intake, both deficiencies and excesses of protein and amino acids are known to be important. Moreover, excesses of certain amino acids may alter protein utilisation and consequently animal performance. Although large amino acid excesses have been shown in various experiments to alter food intake of weanling or growing pigs (Baker, 1993) the effects of the moderate amino acid excesses that may arise in normal diet formulation have been little studied. The objective of this experiment was to study if a 100% excess of single amino acids in a diet with an 'ideally' balanced amino acid pattern could alter daily food intake, average daily gain or food conversion ratio in growing pigs. The excesses used were relatively small to investigate the effect of excess within the range that might be found in practice.

scholarly journals Rabbit Carcasses for Use in Feline Diets: Amino Acid Concentrations in Fresh and Frozen Carcasses With and Without Gastrointestinal Tracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy J. Owens ◽  
Andrea J. Fascetti ◽  
C. Christopher Calvert ◽  
Jennifer A. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Taurine Deficiency ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Whole-prey diets for exotic feline species are common, and this practice has also increased in popularity for domestic cats. However, prior analyses of prey indicate possible essential amino acid inadequacy, and dilated cardiomyopathy from taurine deficiency was reported in cats fed whole ground rabbit. Crude protein, body water, and amino acid concentrations were evaluated in fresh and frozen ground rabbits with (n=10) or without (n = 10) gastrointestinal tracts. Amino acids were greater in fresh samples without gastrointestinal tracts (p &lt; 0.05) except taurine, glycine, and cysteine. When normalized for protein content, only glutamate, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, and arginine were greater in fresh rabbits without gastrointestinal tracts (g/16 g N basis; p &lt; 0.05). Freezing at −18°C for 30 days had no effect on crude protein or body water content. After freezing, only methionine was lower and only proline was higher when gastrointestinal tracts were omitted (g/16 g N basis; p &lt; 0.05). Regardless, all essential amino acids except taurine exceeded Association of American Feed Control Officials and National Research Council nutrient recommendations for all feline life stages. In contrast, there was minimal impact of treatment on taurine concentrations. However, although feline taurine requirements for prey and other raw or fresh food diets remain undefined, none of the rabbit samples met any recommendation for taurine concentrations for commercial canned or dry extruded diets, ranging from 20 to 90% of the minimum values. Taurine supplementation is recommended when feeding rabbit to cats. Determination of taurine requirements of cats fed whole-prey diets is warranted.

scholarly journals Supplementation of Holstein dairy calves fed two levels of crude protein with methionine and lysine

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-451
Author(s):  
M. Niroumand ◽  
K. Rezayazdi ◽  
M. Ganjkhanlou
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Amino Acid Balance ◽  
Immunoglobin G ◽  
Daily Gain

This study aimed to investigate various levels of crude protein (CP) in starter diets and their supplementation with amino acids (AAs) on efficiency, health, and serum metabolites of dairy calves. Ninety-six newborn Holstein calves were allocated to eight treatments, namely T1) 18% CP unsupplemented starter, T2) T1 supplemented with additional 20% methionine, T3) T1 with additional 20% lysine and 20% methionine, T4) T1 with additional 20% lysine, T5) 22% CP unsupplemented starter, T6) T5 supplemented with additional 20% methionine, T7) T5 supplemented with additional 20% lysine and 20% methionine, and T8) T5 supplemented with additional 20% lysine. Consumption of the starter was not influenced by the level of CP. Calves that received the unsupplemented 22% CP starter had higher average daily gain (ADG) and final weight. But no significant differences among diets were found in feed efficiency. Skeletal growth did not exhibit a clear trend. Calves that received T3 had fewer bouts of diarrhea and reduced body temperature. However, there were no significant dietary effects on immunoglobin G (IgG) or total protein concentration in blood. T1–T3 decreased serum urea concentration. Thus, use of T3 resulted in an improved amino acid balance, and was less expensive than the 22% CP starter.Keywords: amino acid, feed intake, immunity, pre-ruminant calf

Comparative Analysis of Amino Acid Composition in Antarctic Krill and White Shrimp

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 1114-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Jun Li ◽  
Shun Sheng Chen ◽  
Wei Qiang Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Total Content ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the nutritional value of amino acids and its commercial value in the fish processing sector in Antarctic krill with cross-referenced in the white shrimp. For determination of the composition of 17 amino acids in the two shrimp muscle, free amino acids were measured using sulfosalicylic acid method, hydrolysed amino acid using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis.17 kinds of hydrolysed amino acids are measured in the muscle of Antarctic krill and White shrimp, which total content is 513.59±18.56mg/g and 537.61±16.8mg/g respectively.16 kinds of free amino acids are measured, which total content is 616.88±44.61mg/100g and 1276±75.67mg/100g respectively, while cysteine is not found. According to amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS), the limiting amino acid of Antarctic krill and White shrimp is valine and methionine + cysteine. The umani amino acids accounted for 27.76% of free amino acids and 35.69% of hydrolysed amino acids in Antarctic krill, while White shrimp is 41.08% and 31.52% respectively. The amino acids in Antarctic krill, TAV of which is greater than 1, include glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and arginine.

Source and function of urinary ammonia in the alligator

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland A. Coulson ◽  
Thomas Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Renal Reabsorption ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phosphate Solutions

The rate of renal deamination of 18 amino acids was determined by injecting them into alligators and measuring the ammonia excreted. Not only did glycine, alanine, glutamine and leucine account for nearly half of the plasma amino acids, they were also deaminated more rapidly than any of the others. In view of this it was concluded that these four amino acids are the natural precursors of urinary NH3 in the alligator. Increased NH3 and CO2 excretion following glycine injections resulted in increased renal reabsorption of Na and Cl when NaCl was injected and increased Na reabsorption when NaHCO3 or Na phosphate solutions were injected. The fact that excess NH4HCO3 excretion enhances salt reabsorption independent of plasma pH makes it probable that the excretion of N is the chief function of the ammonia mechanism and that salt conservation is incidental. Insulin decreased the plasma amino acid level and drastically reduced the NH3 excretion. With the decrease in ammonia, NaCl and NaHCO3 were excreted in increased amounts.

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