EFFECTS OF TREATING RAPESEED MEAL AND CASEIN WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF RUMEN DIGESTA AND BACTERIA

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Casein Protein

Four rumen-fistulated young Holstein steers (189 kg average weight) were used in a latin square design. The steers were fed four semipurified pelleted diets, containing either 19% rapeseed meal (RSM) or 7.5% casein protein untreated or formaldehyde (FA)-treated (0.7 g FA/100 g protein), at frequent intervals. FA treatment of RSM or casein tended to reduce the ammonia production in the rumen of steers receiving the experimental diets and showed little effect on apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) or nitrogen (N) retention. FA treatment of casein but not of RSM increased (P < 0.05) the flow of total N, non-ammonia N (NAN) and digesta from the rumen. The bacterial N in the rumen digesta varied from 40–61% of the dietary N for the steers fed the experimental diets. FA treatment significantly increased total amino acid concentrations (P < 0.01) in the rumen digesta of steers fed the FA-casein diet and resulted in a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) increase for FA-RSM steers compared with those given untreated diets. Treatment of casein with FA reduced the catabolism of essential amino acids which resulted in larger quantities of these amino acids being transported out of the rumen as compared to the untreated casein diet. However, FA treatment of RSM protein did not promote a significant increase in the quantities of amino acids leaving the rumen of steers receiving the FA-RSM diet compared with those on the RSM diet.

scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

EFFECTS OF TREATING RAPESEED MEAL AND CASEIN WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON THE FLOW OF NUTRIENTS THROUGH THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF FISTULATED HOLSTEIN STEERS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
R. J. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Total N ◽  
Belt Feeder

Four Holstein steers fitted with T-type soft plastic cannulae in the rumen, abomasum and terminal ileum were fed four semipurified pelleted diets containing 19% rapeseed meal (RSM) or 7.5% casein, both untreated or treated with formaldehyde (FA), during the four experimental periods. The diets were fed from an automatic belt feeder device. FA treatment of casein increased (P < 0.01) the flow of total N and non-ammonia-N (NAN) as a percentage of intake through the abomasum of steers. Significantly more (P < 0.05) bacterial N passed through the abomasum of steers fed RSM diets than those receiving the casein diets. FA treatment caused a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) depression in the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) in the small intestine of steers receiving the treated diets. Significantly greater (P < 0.05) quantities of total N and NAN passed through the terminal ileum of steers consuming the RSM diets compared to those fed casein diets. Total determined amino acids in the abomasum as a percentage of amino acid intake were lower (P < 0.01) for untreated casein diet compared to the other three treatments. FA treatment increased (P < 0.05) the flow of lysine, histidine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine in the abomasum of steers receiving FA casein compared with untreated casein, but had no effect in the case of treated RSM. FA treatment increased the absorption of most of the essential amino acids in the small intestine of steers receiving the FA casein compared to casein diet. Treatment of RSM resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) fecal excretion of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine.

scholarly journals Influence of hepatic ammonia removal on ureagenesis, amino acid utilization and energy metabolism in the ovine liver

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Milano ◽  
A. Hotston-Moore ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Mass Transfers

The mass transfers of O2, glucose, NH3, urea and amino acids across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and the liver were quantified, by arterio–venous techniques, during the last 4 h of a 100 h infusion of 0 (basal), 150 or 400 μmol NH4HCO3/min into the mesenteric vein of three sheep given 800 g grass pellets/d and arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design. Urea irreversible loss rate (ILR) was also determined by continuous infusion of [14C]urea over the last 52 h of each experimental period. PDV and liver movements of glucose, O2and amino acids were unaltered by NH4HCO3administration, although there was an increase in PDV absorption of non-essential amino acids (P= 0·037) and a trend for higher liver O2consumption and portal appearance of total amino acid-N, glucogenic and non-essential amino acids at the highest level of infusion. PDV extraction of urea-N (P= 0·015) and liver removal of NH3(P< 0·001), release of urea-N (P= 0·002) and urea ILR (P= 0·001) were all increased by NH4HCO3infusion. Hepatic urea-N release (y) and NH3extraction(x) were linearly related (R20·89), with the slope of the regression not different from unity, both for estimations based on liver mass transfers (1·16; SE 0·144;PB≠ 1= 0·31) AND [14C]UREA (0·97; se 0·123;Pb≠ 1= 0·84). The study indicates that a sustained 1·5 or 2·4-fold increase in the basal NH3supply to the liver did not impair glucose or amino acid supply to non-splanchnic tissues; nor were additional N inputs to the ornithine cycle necessary to convert excess NH3to urea. Half of the extra NH3removed by the liver was, apparently, utilized by periportal glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase for sequential glutamate and aspartate synthesis and converted to urea as the 2-amino moiety of aspartate.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE QUALITY OF SMOKED HETEROCLARIAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Ahmed Ayeloja ◽  
W. A. Jimoh ◽  
T. O. Uthman ◽  
M. O. Shittu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Duration Of Storage

Effect of storage time on the quality of smoked heteroclarias was studied. 108 samples of heteroclarias (average weight 210 + 15g) was used. Analysis carried out include: proximate, mineral composition (Ca, Na, Fe and Mg), biochemical, amino acid and sensory evaluation. Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the sensory data was subjected to nonparametric test (Kruskal Wallis test). Smoked heteroclarias have good nutritional quality in terms of proximate, mineral and amino acids all of which decrease with increase in duration of storage at ambient temperatures. Glutamic acid  was the most predominant amino acid and the highest non-essential amino acid (NEEA), lysine was the most predominant EAA. There was higher concentration of non-essential amino acids than essential amino acids, EAA/NEAA ratio (0.86 – 0.93) recorded indicates that the fish have excellent protein quality; its the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) ranged between 3.44-3.61 and its biological value ranged between 79.84 -75.04. Its chemical score and TEAA decrease with increase in storage time. Its texture quality reduced significantly (χ2 = 12.207, p<0.01) with increased storage period. It is therefore recommended that smoked heteroclarias be consumed as soon as it is smoked and regularly for good healthy conditions especially among children, aged and other vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
B. A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein

1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured.2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained.3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared.4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 24· mmol/l in control animals to only 1·29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8·6 to 5·56 μmol/g and from 8·67 to 5·05 μmol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1·53 to 2·00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12·5 to 14·3 μmol/g), and liver (from 16·8 to 20·5 μmol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase.5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentrations is discussed.

Effect of type of diet (casein-based or protein-free) and caecotrophy on ileal endogenous nitrogen and amino acid flow in rabbits

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. García ◽  
J. C. de Bias ◽  
R. Carabaño
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content ◽  
Present Trial ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Ingredient Composition ◽  
Intake Ratio

AbstractTwenty-eight New Zealand White X Californian doe rabbits weighing 3791±141 g were surgically fitted with a glass T-cannula at ileum level. Animals were given ad libitum access to either a casein-based diet (C) or a protein-free diet (PF). The only difference in the ingredient composition of the diets was the substitution of 160g/kg of maize starch by casein in the C diet. Animals were randomly allotted to each experimental diet. Seven rabbits per diet were not allowed to practice caecotrophy. The C diet resulted in higher food dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) (111-5 v. 51-5 g/day), food nitrogen intake (3-12 v. 0-20 g/day), ileal flow of DM (56-0 v. 23-8 g/day) and ileal flow of nitrogen (0-72 v. 0-24 g/day) but lower soft faeces DMI (21-7 v. 41-4 g/day) than the PF diet. A linear relationship between ileal endogenous nitrogen flow and total DMI was found for animals given the C but not for the PF diet. The ingestion ofC diet led to a higher (proportionately 0-41, on average), endogenous ileal amino acid flow than PF diet for all amino acids except for glycine. The ileal flow of glycine was proportionately 0-25 higher in animals given the PF diet than in animals given the C diet. The C diet resulted in higher content of nitrogen, threonine and proline in soft faeces than the PF diet. In contrast, the ingestion of the PF diet led to a higher content of lysine and methionine in soft faeces than the C diet. Within the C diet, animals practising caecotrophy showed higher ileal flow of DM (73-4 v. 56-0 g/day) and phenylalanine (0-834 v. 0-677 g/kg DMI) than animals not practising it. Caecotrophy led to a higher endogenous proportion of some of the most important limiting essential amino acids in rabbits, such as arginine, lysine, phenylalanine and threonine. In rabbits, the use of PF diets has limited practical application in the estimation of nitrogen endogenous losses as the low food DMI and the high soft faecesDMI leads to abnormal food: soft faeces intake ratio. Moreover, due to the important effect of caecotrophy on the amino acid composition of endogenous losses, it is important to correct the total amino acid content of the ileal chyme by the undigested amino acid residue coming from the soft faeces intake. This correction could be made, without the methodological complexity implied, by fitting animals with a wooden collar and thereby avoiding caecotrophy as in the present trial.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Storage and Its Interaction with Carbohydrates of Young Almond Trees in Response to Nitrogen Supply

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 796C-796
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi* ◽  
Carolyn Scagel ◽  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Predominant Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acids

June-budded `Nonpareil/Nemaguard' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb) trees were fertigated with one of five nitrogen (N) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm) in a modified Hoagland's solution from July to September. In October, the trees were sprayed twice with either water or 3% urea, then harvested after natural leaf fall and stored at 2°C. Trees were destructively sampled during winter storage to determine their concentrations of amino acids, protein, and non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). Increasing N supply either via N fertigation during the growing season or with foliar urea applications in the fall increased the concentrations of both free and total amino acids, whereas decreased their C/N ratios. Moreover, as the N supply increased, the proportion of nitrogen stored as free amino acids also increased. However, protein was still the main form of N used for storage. The predominant amino acid in both the free and total amino-acid pools was arginine. Arginin N accounted for an increasing proportion of the total N in both the free and total amino acids as the N supply was increased. However, the proportion of arginine N was higher in the free amino acids than in the total amino acids. A negative relationship was found between total amino acid and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations, suggesting that TNC is increasingly used for N assimilation as the supply of N increases. Urea applications decreased the concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, but had little influence on concentrations of sorbitol and starch. We conclude that protein is the primary form of storage N, and that arginine is the predominant amino acid. Furthermore, the synthesis of amino acids and proteins comes at the expense of non-structural carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Nutritional, phytoconstituents, and free radical scavenging potentials of Cola lepidota K. Schum. and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Agada Adaeze Bob-Chile ◽  
Peter Uchenna Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis

This study was carried out to determine the essential oil components, protein qualities, fatty acid composition, and free radical scavenging potentials of leaves of Cola lepidota K. Schum. (Malvaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (Irvingiaceae) using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Thirty five bioactive components were isolated from C. lepidota leaves with myrcene, phytol, ephedrine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1,14-tetradecanediol as the main compounds while phytol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1-hexadecyne, carotene, and humulene were the predominant components of the I. gabonensis leaves. Leucine and arginine were the predominant essential amino acids, whereas glutamic acid and serine were the main non-essential amino acids in both leaves. The total amino acid (TAA) (70.92 g/100g), total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) (45.87 g/100 g), and total acidic amino acid (TAAA) (23.01 g/100 g) of C. lepidota were high whereas I. gabonensis recorded higher Total essential amino acid (TEAA) (28.98 g/100 g), total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) (7.21 g/100 g), total branched chain amino acid (TBCAA) (14.28 g/100g), predicted protein efficiency ratios (P-PERs), and essential amino acid index (EAAI). C. lepidota contained 55.72% of unsaturated fatty acids, with predominance of linolenic and linoleic acids, while I. gabonensis produced 74.46% of saturated fatty acids, having myristic, lauric, and palmitic acid as the main compounds. All the radical scavenging potentials of both leaves were concentration dependent and produced higher DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials than the standards. This study has thus provided the scientific backing for the inclusion of both leaves for dietary and therapeutic purposes.

Effects of atropine on plasma amino acid profiles and on the synthesis of individual milk proteins in dairy cows fed with pasture

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J Auldist ◽  
Catherine M Menzies ◽  
Colin G Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
In Blood Plasma

Effects of atropine on blood plasma amino acid profile and on the yields and concentration of milk components were investigated in 12 Friesian cows in early lactation. Cows were housed indoors and fed with cut pasture ad libitum. Each cow received four treatments over 12 d during a replicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. Treatments were: control (saline); low dose (L; 30 μg atropine/kg body weight (BW)); medium dose (M; 40 μg atropine/kg BW); and 2×L dose, 2 h apart (2×L). On each of four treatment days, cows were milked at about 7.00, after which treatments were administered by subcutaneous injection. Cows were milked again at 2 h, 6 h and 10 h after injection. Milk samples were collected at each milking. Immediately after the 2 h milking, blood samples were drawn from each cow and the second injection was given for the 2×L treatment. Atropine reduced hourly milk yield, and concentrations and hourly yields of total protein, casein, whey protein, α-casein, β-casein, κ-casein, β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, but by differing amounts. Milk concentrations of bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin G were increased by atropine, and overall yields of these proteins were mostly unchanged. Atropine lowered concentrations of most, but not all, amino acids in blood plasma, with essential amino acids reduced more than non-essential amino acids. Concentrations of α-amino N in whole blood, and glucose and insulin in blood plasma, fell after atropine injection. There was no difference between the L and M doses of atropine, but the 2×L dose had greater effects on milk composition than the single doses. For yields of milk and milk components, the effect of the 2×L dose was also more persistent. The results highlight the differential synthesis of individual milk proteins, and suggest that atropine might be useful for evaluating the mechanisms regulating milk protein composition.

scholarly journals Studies of amino acid requirements of adult rats

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Smith ◽  
B. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Whole Egg

1. A series of experiments was carried out to determine the minimum essential amino acid requirements of the adult rat.2. After testing four amino acid patterns taken from the literature, a basal pattern was formulated in which each amino acid appeared at the lowest level at which it was presented in any of the original diets.3. Nitrogen balance was the main criterion used to judge any benefit arising from modest increases in individual amino acids tested in a modified Latin-square design. They were given at a protein level of 3.6% of the diet. Non-essential amino acids were in the same proportions as in whole egg.4. It appeared that three amino acids, namely tryptophan, threonine and isoleucine, brought about more favourable balances when presented at concentrations higher than basal.5. Reduced levels of each amino acid were then tested in order to ensure that no surpluses were present.6. N retentions indicated that lysine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine, leucine and valine could be reduced below the basal level and still meet the needs of the rat for these amino acids.7. When the pattern of amino acids arising from these latter trials was tested in combination, rather than as trios, pairs, or single changes, positive N balances gave confidence that these were minimal levels of the essential amino acids required for meeting the maintenance needs of adult rats.8. Plasma proteins from the rats on the evolved pattern were found to be in no way different from those found for normal animals. This gave further support to the belief that the pattern was adequate for the rats.

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