EFFECTS OF CROSSBREEDING AND SEX ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND UTILIZATION BY YOUNG PIGS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. SHARMA ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
R. SAISON
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

The influence of crossbreeding and sex on digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy values, fasting heat production (FHP), energy requirement for maintenance and growth, and on the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy in young weanling pigs, was investigated by employing a comparative slaughter technique. The pigs obtained by insemination of Yorkshire sows with pooled semen (equal number of sperms) from purebred Yorkshire and Hampshire boars, were identified for genotype by blood-group typing. A total of 37 pigs was used in this study, of which 9 pigs selected at random were killed to provide the initial body composition and energy status of pigs in the feeding experiment. The remaining 28 pigs (16 purebred: 8 male and 8 female; and 12 crossbred: 6 male and 6 female) were allotted at random to a feeding experiment of a randomized complete block design involving a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (purebred vs. crossbred, male vs. female, and level of dietary energy input: 130 and 330 kcal ME/Wkg0.75 daily). One metabolism trial with each pig individually kept in a crate was conducted during the 4th week of the 40-day feeding period. The coefficients of DE and ME were 89.2 and 84.2%, respectively, and were not influenced by sex or genotype. An interaction was observed in the estimates of the fasting heat production and energy requirement for maintenance. Purebred Yorkshire males had a greater fasting heat production than Hampshire × Yorkshire males, whereas females of the two breeding groups had similar values. The apparent efficiency of utilization of ME was 76% and the net efficiency of utilization of ME available above maintenance was 66%. The energetic efficiency and the net energy value of the diet were similar for both breeding groups and sex. The mechanism of rapid gains due to crossbreeding was investigated.

scholarly journals Feeding strategy during pregnancy for ewes with a large litter size. 2. Effect on blood parameters and energy status.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 541-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

In 6 feeding trials with pregnant ewes, blood glucose concentrations were affected by litter size after day 84 of pregnancy. An increase in litter size decreased blood glucose during the last phase of pregnancy. At day 141 a sharp increase in glucose was seen. Ewes with ketosis had after day 126 of pregnancy a significant lower glucose concentration. beta -Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were also affected by litter size in the last months of pregnancy. With increasing litter size BHB increased more dramatically than NEFA concentrations. Ewes with ketosis had higher BHB and NEFA concentrations in the last month of pregnancy. Ewes on treatments with a higher metabolizable energy (ME) intake (rations with 60% of the energy originating from concentrates) had a higher glucose, a lower BHB and a lower NEFA concentration in the last month of pregnancy than ewes given a diet with 40% of the energy originating from concentrates. A lower incidence of ketosis on treatments with a higher energy intake was expected, but not seen. Probably, energy deficit is not the only factor inducing ketosis. With regression models the energy requirement of pregnant ewes with a body weight of about 85 kg during the last month of pregnancy was estimated. ME requirement in MJ per day for a ewe with a single, twin, triplet, quadruplet and quintuplet was 13.0, 15.9, 17.1, 18.4 and 19.1, respectively. The estimated energetic efficiency of conceptus growth was about 0.16. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Protein and energy requirements for maintenance of indigenous Granadina goats

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
J. FonollÁ
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Total N ◽  
A Value ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Sixteen adult castrated male goats of the Granadina breed, with initial live weights ranging from 26.0 to 33.3 kg were used in two experiments to determine their protein and energy requirements for maintenance. Digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance measurements were made during the experiments. Two diets, which were based on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay alone or on this forage and barley, were individually given at about maintenance level once daily. Gas exchange was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. Fasting heat production was also determined. By regression analysis endogenous urinary N and maintenance requirements for N were estimated to be 119 mg/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d and 409 mg total N/kg W0.75 per d respectively. Fasting heat production was 324 kJ/kg W0.75. The energy requirement for maintenance was calculated by regression of energy balance on metabolizable energy (ME) intake and a value of 443 kJ/kg W0.75 per d was found. The overall efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 0.73.

scholarly journals What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Petzel ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer ◽  
Alexander J Smart ◽  
Kristin E Hales ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

Effect of Diethylstilbestrol on Utilization of Energy by the Growing Chick

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Hill ◽  
L. B. Carew ◽  
A. van Tienhoven
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Total Tissue

Increased fat production in diethylstilbestrol-treated chicks was found to be due primarily to increased energy consumption and to a lesser extent to preferential synthesis of fat at the expense of protein tissue. This was shown in experiments comparing normal and estrogen-treated male chicks with respect to gains in live weight, fat and protein at two planes of nutrition, and the yield of metabolizable and productive (net) energy which they obtained from the diet. It was found that the fattening effect could not be due to increased digestibility, increased net energy yield from absorbed nutrients, or lowered heat production. Under the influence of estrogen, total tissue gain expressed in Calories was increased, and was composed of greater fat gain and lower protein gain. Tissue energy gains were a linear function of metabolizable energy consumption. This relationship predicted equal tissue energy gains under pair-feeding conditions, which was confirmed experimentally.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment). The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

Net energy value of timothy and bromegrass silages for beef cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Ouellet ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
H. Lapierre ◽  
P. Flipot ◽  
J. F. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Energy Value

Metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for maintenance and net energy for growth of grass silages were evaluated by the comparative slaughter technique using a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design. Sixty medium frame beef steers (259 ± 29 kg BW) were divided in groups of five and fed during 3 months either Timothy (T) or Bromegrass (B) harvested at stem elongation (S) of the first cut or at boot stage of the aftermath (A). Forages were fed at one of three levels of intake: ad libitum (FF), 80% of FF, or 65% of FF. Silages averaged 26.9% DM, 16.0% CP and 37.7% ADF. Regression of logarithm of heat production (HE) against ME intake were similar for all silages (log HE = 0.00046*ME + 2.4923; r2 = 0.89). From this equation, fasting HE of 311 kJ kg−0.75 d−1, ME for maintenance of 559 kJ kg−0.75 d−1 and efficiency of utilization of energy for maintenance of 56% were determined. Regression of ME intake against retained energy (RE) were similar for all silages. Efficiency of ME utilization for growth was 33% using the regression of ME over RE with a ME requirement for maintenance fixed at 559 kJ kg−0.75 d−1. Net energy for maintenance and growth were similar for all silages, averaging 6.17 and 3.70 MJ kg−1, respectively. The use of a prediction equation based on ADF of forages underestimated ME values of silages by approximately 25%. Moreover, NRC (1984) equations that estimate NE from experimentally estimated ME values tended to overestimate the net energy of our grass silages. Key words: Net energy, grass silages, timothy, bromegrass, beef cattle

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on metabolic rate and energy balance in pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dersjant-Li ◽  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
J. A. J. Verreth ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Significance Level

AbstractThe effect of two dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+ + K+ – Cl-) levels (–135 and 145 mEq/kg diet) on heat production, energy and nitrogen retention in piglets was assessed. The experiment consisted of a 13-day adaptation period and a 7-day balance period in two open-circuit climate respiration chambers. Nine groups of three (4 weeks old) crossbred barrows were assigned to one of two diets (five and four groups for –135 and 145 mEq/kg dEB diets respectively). During the balance period, diets were provided at 2·3 times the energy requirement for maintenance in two equal meals daily. Total heat production for each group was determined every 9 minutes from the exchange of CO2 and O2. Faeces and urine mixture was quantitatively collected during the balance period to measure energy and nitrogen balance. Total heat production and metabolizable energy costs for maintenance tended (P 0·10) to be higher in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group (681 and 443 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively) than in the –135 mEq/kg dEB group (660 and 412 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively). Differences in total heat production between the two dEB groups mainly occurred in the daytime (light period), when significance level was P 0·01. The respiratory quotient and energy retention as fat were numerically (but not statistically significantly) lower in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group compared with –135 mEq/kg dEB. In conclusion, energy balances were similar for both treatments. However in the daytime (light period), piglets needed more energy for maintenance after ingesting a diet with a dEB level of 145 mEq/kg compared to a diet with a dEB level of –135 mEq/kg at a restricted feeding level.

scholarly journals 128 Determining the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Carine Vier ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jon Bergstrom ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Heat Stable

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on performance of growing finishing pigs. A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 28.0±0.47 kg) were used in a 126-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based.Treatments were: 1) Control (no added phytase); 2) Grower phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed from d 0 to 57, then no phytase from d 57 to market); and 3) Grow-finish phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed throughout the study). Phytase (Ronozyme Hiphos GT 2500, heat-stable; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) was assumed to release 0.146% digestible phosphorus (P), 0.166% available P, 0.102% STTD calcium, 53 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, 42 kcal/kg of net energy (NE), and 0.0217, 0.0003, 0.00886, 0.0224, 0.0056, 0.0122, and 0.0163% standardized ileal digestible lysine, methionine, methionine+cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and valine, respectively. Beef tallow and feed grade amino acids (AA) were added to the diets without phytase to balance NE and AA across treatments. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit.Overall, pigs fed diets with no phytase and pigs that were only fed phytase in the grower period had greater (P&lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) than pigs fed the phytase-containing diets until market. Pigs fed the control and grower phytase treatments had greater (P&lt; 0.10) hot carcass weight (HCW) than the phytase throughout treatment. No evidence of differences (P &gt;0.10) were observed for other carcass characteristics. In summary, adding 1,500 FYT/kg of phytase and using full matrix values for minerals, AA, and energy had detrimental effects on ADG, G:F, and HCW in this study when applied to the entire grow-finish period.

PSIV-2 Evaluation of Relationship Between Feed Efficiency Traits and Energy Metabolism Using Comparative Slaughter Studies in Growing and Finishing Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Abstract There is uncertainty whether feed efficiency traits are related to energetic efficiency. The objective of this study was to utilize comparative slaughter data to evaluate the relationships of feed efficiency traits with maintenance energy requirements (MEm) and efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) use for maintenance (km) and gain (kg). Published data were compiled (31 studies, 214 treatment means) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and composition of empty body gain in growing cattle. Data analyses were performed using R statistical software considering each treatment mean as an independent experimental unit. Assuming fasting heat production (FHP) varies only due to empty body protein (EBP) composition, it was computed as 295 kcal/kg EBP.75. MEm, km, and kg were computed from the nonlinear relationship between heat production and MEI. Residual intake (lower is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of MEI on EBW and EBW gain (RMEI) or MEI on EBP, retained energy as protein and retained energy as fat (RMEIc). Residual gain (higher is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of EBW gain on EBW and MEI (REBG) or retained energy on EBP and MEI (RRE). MEI was positively correlated with RMEI (0.46) and RMEIc (0.44), and EBW gain was correlated with REBG (0.58) and RRE (0.39). FHP was correlated with RMEIc (-0.25). MEm was weakly correlated with RMEI (0.19), RMEIc (0.22), and REBG (-0.26), but strongly correlated with RRE (-0.51). km was moderately correlated with RMEI (-0.35), but strongly correlated with REBG (0.49), RMEIc (-0.59), and RRE (0.79). kg was strongly correlated with RMEI (-0.69), REBG (0.47), RMEIc (-0.89), and RRE (0.70). Correlations among feed efficiency traits were strong (&gt;±0.48). In conclusion, feed efficiency traits using retained energy as the dependent variable had stronger correlations with maintenance energy requirements than those using feed intake as the dependent variable.

PSII-20 Energy Evaluation of Heat-treated and Intact Extruded-expelled Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy contents of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of thermal treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM in a 70:30 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 120°C for 60 mins to make heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy contents of the tested DESBM were calculated by using the difference method. All data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P &lt; 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM but comparable net energy contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and net energy are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,242 kcal/kg on a DM basis. However, thermal damage during EESBM production should be considered in terms of DE and ME content of EESBM fed to growing pigs.

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