Estimation of carbon dioxide production and energy expenditure of grazing cattle by the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Stewart ◽  
M. Undi ◽  
C. Wilson ◽  
K. H. Ominski ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Sulphur Hexafluoride ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Available N ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Hog Manure

The purpose of the study was to explore the suitability of the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique to estimate CO2 production and energy expenditure (EE) for grazing animals on pastures typical of western Canada. During each year of a 3-yr study, CO2 emissions were collected from 60 yearling steers on grass pastures receiving one of three fertility treatments: no manure, liquid hog manure applied as a split application (74 kg available N ha-1) in the spring and fall, and a single application of liquid hog manure applied at a rate of 155 kg available N ha-1 each spring. The mean CO2 production estimate across all treatments was 5424 ± 2218 L d-1 (mean ± SD) with a range of 1099 to 11548 L d-1. When compared across three grazing periods in June, July and August, steers produced more (P < 0.05) CO2 in June than in either July or August. Metabolic body weight (BW0.75), average daily gain (ADG), standing forage biomass, and forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and crude protein (CP) contents explained 33% of the variation in CO2 production. Energy expenditure (EE) was estimated from CO2 production by adopting an energetic equivalent of 22 kJ L-1 CO2 and EE was calculated for animals that were not losing body weight at time of measurement. The average EE estimate was 1.2 ± 0.5 MJ kg-1 BW0.75 d-1 with a range of 0.2 to 2.8 MJ kg-1 BW0.75 d-1. Energy expenditure declined as ADG and forage biomass declined, but EE was not influenced (P > 0.05) by fertility treatment. The EE estimate was higher (P < 0.05) early in the grazing season (June) and declined as the grazing season progressed. The SF6 tracer gas technique was able to estimate EE of individual animals without interfering with herd dynamics. The technique was also able to show differences in EE in response to pasture conditions. The results of this study suggest that the SF6 tracer gas technique shows potential as a simple and non-invasive method of estimating CO2 production and EE for grazing animals. Further validation under different grazing conditions and with animals undertaking different degrees of activity is required. Comparisons with other field techniques of estimating EE are also important. Key words: Energy expenditure, carbon dioxide, sulphur hexafluoride, grazing animals

scholarly journals Validation of the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique for measurement of methane and carbon dioxide production by cattle

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Boadi ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg ◽  
A. D. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Tracer Technique ◽  
Sulphur Hexafluoride ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production from six crossbred yearling beef heifers (400 ± 13.0 kg) were measured, using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique (Tracer) and open-circuit hood calorimetry (Cal) to validate the former in estimating rumen CH4 and CO2 production in the field. Animals were individually fed a diet consisting of 50% barley concentrate and 50% alfalfa cubes at 1.3 &times ;maintenance requirements daily. Hifers were divided into two groups for individual animal 24- h gas measurements by each method. Each group of heifers was rotated between the Cal and Tracer techniques for 6 consecutive days in an incomplete block design. Methane production ranged from 108 to 145 L d-1 (mean 130 ± 4.0 L d-1) using the Cal technique, and 90 to 167 L d-1 (mean 137 ± 4.0 L d-1) using the Tracer technique. The mean CH4 production (L d-1) was not different (P = 0.24) between the two methods. Carbon dioxide production with the Tracer technique was 20% higher than CO2 production with the Cal technique (P < 0.01). The range of CO2 production was 1574 to 2049 L d-1 (mean 1892 ± 74.0 L d-1) by Cal, and 1541 to 3330 L d-1 (mean 2353 ± 74.0 L d-1) by Tracer. Day-to-day variation in CH4 production was not different within each method (P > 0.05); however, animal-to-animal variation (11.7%) was significant for the Tracer technique (P = 0.04), but not for the Cal technique (P = 0.53). Comparison of the equality of variance between the two methods showed that there were no differences in variations (P > 0.05) between Cal and Tracer for CH4 production. On the other hand, variations in CO2 production were not equal (P > 0.05) between methods. Day-to-day variation in CO2 production was significant using Cal, but not Tracer (P > 0.05). Animal-to-animal variation in CO2 production was 1.6 and 11.8% by Cal and Tracer techniques, respectively. It can be concluded that the SF6 tracer technique accurately estimated rumen CH4 production, but CO2 production was 20% higher. The study suggests that for CH4 measurements using the SF6 tracer technique, more animal numbers are needed than for Cal to reduce animal-to-animal variation. Key words: Methane, carbon dioxide, SF6 tracer technique, validation, cattle

EFFECT OF ANABOLIC IMPLANT AND IONOPHORE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GRAZING STEERS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. RODE
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Anabolic Implants ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Cattle Feedlot

In a 110-d grazing study, 75 yearling steers were left unimplanted or implanted at Day 0 with 24 mg 17β-estradiol, 36 mg zearanol, 72 mg zearanol, or 36 mg zearanol at Day 0 and 84. Within each implant group, steers were also supplemented with barley (0.5 kg head−1 d−1) with or without lasalocid (0.75 mg kg body weight−1 d−1) or were given no supplement in a 5 × 3 factorial design. Average daily gain (ADG) for all implanted steers was 17.5% greater (0.94 vs. 0.80 kg d−1) than for unimplanted steers (P < 0.01). Increasing the dosage of zearanol from 36 to 72 mg extended the time over which ADG was increased but total liveweight gain and ADG over the 110-d grazing season were similar for all implant types. A second implant of zearanol (2 × 36 mg) increased ADG during the final 26 d of the pasture phase and during the drylot period, compared with 72 mg zearanol given initially. Barley + lasalocid-supplemented steers had ADG 17.3% greater (1.02 vs. 0.87 kg d−1) than barley-supplemented steers (P < 0.01). During the following drylot phase, when no lasalocid was fed, ADG was lower (P < 0.10) for steers that had previously received lasalocid than for other groups. No interactions were observed between implant and supplement type. Thus, the anabolic implants and ionophores used in this study are additive in improving growth rate. Key words: Cattle, feedlot, grazing, lasalocid, zearanol, 17β-estradiol, growth

Ruminal ammonia concentration and energy expenditure of cattle estimated by the carbon dioxide entry rate technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443
Author(s):  
O. N. Di Marco ◽  
P. Castiñeiras ◽  
M. S. Aello
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Maintain Body Weight

AbstractFive ruminallyfistulatedAngus steers (360 (s.e. 15·4) kg) were givenfood to maintain body weight constant: maize silage (TO) at 0·6 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg body weight twice a day. After a 15-day adaptation period they were infused continuously (I) for 96 h, with a solution of NaH14CO3 at a rate of 7 to 8 micro Curies (μCi) per h. On the last 2 days of infusion 30 g (Tl) and 60 g (T2) urea, respectively, were placed in the rumen at the end of the morning meal. Spot samples of urine (250 ml) were taken before and 5 h after the morning meal and after at least 24 h of infusion. Thereafter, animals continued with TO for one additional week, in which they were prepared with catheters inserted in salivary ducts and infused for 48 h, as previously described. Eighteen pairs of spot samples of urine and saliva were takenfrom three of thefive steers (369 (s.e. 20·7) kg), over a period of 5 h, after at least 24 h infusion (six per animal). Rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) production was estimated as the ratio USA (specific activity of CO2)from which energy expenditure was calculated (22 kj/l CO2). Silage composition, in situ degradability and ruminal ammonia and pH were measured. In situ degradability in thefirst 6 h was 200 g/kg and ruminal ammonia was in the range of 20·6 to 39·6 mg/l. Ammonia increased rapidly to 394·2 (T1) and 673·9 mg/l (T2) 1 h after addition of urea into the rumen but in 6 h in situ degradability was unchanged. Ruminal ammonia decreased linearly at rates (mgll per h) of89·3 in Tl (R2 = 0·57, s.d. = 21·5) and 151·6 in T2 (R2 = 0·81, s.d. = 23·3). Animal energy expenditure rates were not affected (P > 0·05) by treatment (TO = 15·6, Tl = 15·6 and T2 = 15·8 kj/h per M075). There was no difference (P > 0·05) in CO2 production rate (mllh per kg M0·75) determined from the SA of CO2 from urine (604) or saliva (630) samples. It was concluded that the energy cost associated with detoxification of the excess of ruminal ammonia was of minor importance in terms of total animal energy expenditure and that estimations ofC02 ratesfromsamples ofurine or saliva are comparable.

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

scholarly journals Effect of raw and encapsulated policosanol on lipid profiles, blood biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure and macronutrient metabolism of adult cats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110137
Author(s):  
James R Templeman ◽  
Kylie Hogan ◽  
Alexandra Blanchard ◽  
Christopher PF Marinangeli ◽  
Alexandra Camara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Activity Energy

Objectives The objective of this study was to verify the safety of policosanol supplementation for domestic cats. The effects of raw and encapsulated policosanol were compared with positive (L-carnitine) and negative (no supplementation) controls on outcomes of complete blood count, serum biochemistry, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and physical activity in healthy young adult cats. Methods The study was a replicated 4 × 4 complete Latin square design. Eight cats (four castrated males, four spayed females; mean age 3.0 ± 1.0 years; mean weight 4.36 ± 1.08 kg; mean body condition score 5.4 ± 1.4) were blocked by sex and body weight then randomized to treatment groups: raw policosanol (10 mg/kg body weight), encapsulated policosanol (50 mg/kg body weight), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg body weight) or no supplementation. Treatments were supplemented to a basal diet for 28 days with a 1-week washout between periods. Food was distributed equally between two offerings to ensure complete supplement consumption (first offering) and measure consumption time (second offering). Blood collection (lipid profile, complete blood count, serum biochemistry) and indirect calorimetry (energy expenditure, respiratory quotient) were conducted at days 0, 14 and 28 of each period. Activity monitors were worn 7 days prior to indirect calorimetry and blood collection. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model (SAS, v.9.4). Results Food intake and body weight were similar among treatments. There was no effect of treatment on lipid profile, serum biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure or respiratory quotient ( P >0.05); however, time to consume a second meal was greatest in cats fed raw policosanol ( P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance These data suggest that policosanol is safe for feline consumption. Further studies with cats demonstrating cardiometabolic risk factors are warranted to confirm whether policosanol therapy is an efficacious treatment for hyperlipidemia and obesity.

scholarly journals Nucleotide Supplementation to Whole Milk Has Beneficial Effects on Post-Weaning Holstein Calf Performance

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Yousef Abbaslou ◽  
Davood Zahmatkesh ◽  
Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽  
Mehdi Hossein Yazdi ◽  
Hamed Beiranvand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Score

The positive effects of nucleotide (NU) supplementation in milk replacer have been elucidated in infants and in dairy calves; however, NU addition to whole milk has not been evaluated previously. This study aimed to assess NU supplementation in the whole milk on calf growth and health. Thirty Holstein calves (body weight: 39.1 ± 1.0 kg; 3 d after birth) were randomly assigned to the following treatments: whole milk without any supplementation (NU0), whole milk + 0.5 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS0.5), and whole milk + 1 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS1). Calves were weaned at d 55 and stayed on study until d 75. Calves had free access to feed and water throughout the study. Dry matter intakes (DMI) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05) during the pre-weaning period; however, increasing NU resulted in a linear (p < 0.05) increase in DMI during the post weaning period (2158, 2432, and 2518 g/d for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Treatments did not affect body weight (BW) at the first and second month of study, but final BW linearly increased as NU was added (87.1, 90.6, and 95.4 kg for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Neither pre-weaning average daily gain nor post-weaning average daily gain was affected by treatments; accordingly, feed efficiency was similar among treatment groups. Days with loose fecal score were linearly decreased as NU was added to whole milk during the first month of life, while the fecal score did not differ among treatments until the end of the study. No difference was observed in the skeletal growth of calves in the current study. Therefore, it can be concluded that NU supplementation in the whole milk has some beneficial effects on calf performance in terms of final BW, post-weaning DMI, and less days with loose feces.

scholarly journals 93 Evaluation of the intake and digestibility of ensiled residual material from edamame soybean processing with and without the use of an inoculant

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
Ellen M Herring ◽  
Elizabeth B Kegley ◽  
Ken Coffey ◽  
Shane Gadberry ◽  
Jeremy G Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Soybean Processing ◽  
Silage Inoculant ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract This research evaluated the effects of ensiled edamame soybean processing waste on ruminant intake and total tract digestibility. Waste from processing stored edamame was obtained (3 trips) and wilted (28%, 25%, and 37% DM), then treated with or without inoculant (Lactobacillus buchneri) and ensiled in 167 L plastic barrels (2 or 3 barrels/treatment from each trip) for 72 (Trip 1) or 69 (Trip 2 and 3) days. Pregnant ewes (n = 18; body weight = 55.5 ± 1.2 kg; 2 to 3 years old) were blocked by body weight and assigned randomly within a block to treatments within a trip, then each ewe was assigned to a barrel of silage. Ewes were housed individually in 1 × 1.5-m pens and offered silage for a 10-day adaptation period followed by 7 days of total feces and urine collection. Ewes were offered silage to allow for 10% orts and were offered 0.2% of their body weight of soyhulls and 32 g of mineral supplement/day to meet their predicted nutrient requirements for gestating ewes. Ewes consumed 1,616 ± 54 g DM/day (X ± SEM) or 2.9 ± 0.12% of their body weight and there was no effect (P ≥ 0.85) of inoculant treatment on DM intake (g/day or % of body weight). Dry matter digestibility was not affected (P = 0.98) by inoculant and averaged 55.7 ± 0.66%. Ewe average daily gain for the 17-day trial tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for the ewes offered the silage without inoculant (0.18 vs. 0.04 kg/d). Ensiling edamame processing waste yielded a feed that ewes consumed in adequate amounts to maintain their body weights over 17 days when also supplemented with soyhulls. The addition of silage inoculant had minimal effects on intake, digestibility, or ewe body weight change.

PSV-19 Effect of Low Nutrient Density Diet with Probiotic Mixture (B. Subtilis ms1, B. Licheniformis SF5-1, and S. Cerevisiae) Supplementation on Performance of Weaner Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 193-195
Author(s):  
Vetriselvi Sampath ◽  
Hyun Ju Park ◽  
Yong min Kim ◽  
Je Min Ahn ◽  
Inho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Abstract BACKGROUND: A total of one hundred and forty, 28 d-old weaner pigs [Duroc x (Yorkshire x Landrace)] with initial body weight (BW) of 6.56±1.25kg were used in a six-week treatment (7 replicate pens per treatment; barrows, and 2 gilts/pen) to evaluate the effect of low nutrient density diet supplement with probiotic mixture supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and gas emission of weaner pigs. RESULTS: Pigs fed low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation had linearly increased (P = 0.028, 0.014) the body weight (BW) at weeks 3, and 6. Moreover, average daily gain (ADG) was linearly improved (P=0.018, 0.014, 0.014) at week 3, 6, and overall experiment. However, there were no interactive effects found on the nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy (E) throughout the experiment. Dietary inclusion of low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation has improved the fecal lactobacillus counts linearly, but E. coli was unaffected during the trail. On day 42, Ammonium gas emission was significantly decrease in pigs fed a low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation. However, H2S, acetic acid, and CO2 were not significantly affected by the probiotic mixture supplementation diet. CONCLUSION: Low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation had positively affected the growth performance, fecal microbial, and fecal gas emission on weaner pigs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document