scholarly journals Mammary gland involution and endocrine status in sows: Effects of weaning age and lactation heat stress

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
C. Knight ◽  
D. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Mammary Involution ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
Weaning Age

The effects of lactation length and/or heat stress on endocrine status of sows and indicators of mammary involution at weaning were studied. Twenty-eight first parity Yorkshire × Landrace sows were housed at 21 (CTL) or 29°C (HS) throughout lactation. Within each temperature group, half the sows were randomly assigned to a weaning age of 22 (W22: CTL, n = 7; HS, n = 8) or 44 d (W44: CTL, n = 6; HS, n = 7). Litter size was standardized to 10 or 11 on day 2 and to 9 on day 23 of lactation. Blood and milk samples were collected on days -1, 1, 2 and 3 relative to weaning (day 0). Concentrations of prolactin, IGF-I and lactose were measured in both fluids and concentrations of Na, K and IGFBP-5 were measured in milk. Standard milk composition was also determined. Lactose was lower (P < 0.001) and protein greater (P < 0.05) in all milk samples from W44 compared with W22 sows. Percentages of milk fat and dry matter were lower (P < 0.05) in W44 than in W22 on days 2 and 3 post-weaning. Milk lactose was reduced (P < 0.05) with heat stress on days 2 and 3. The day before weaning, concentrations of prolactin in blood (P < 0.001) and lactoserum (P < 0.01) were lower and those of IGF-I in lactoserum were greater (P = 0.01) in W44 than in W22. Values of IGFBP-5 in milk were drastically lower (P < 0.001, more than a fourfold difference), those of Na greater (P < 0.001) and those of K unchanged (P > 0.1) for W44 compared with W22. Post-weaning, evidence of leaky tight junctions (increased milk Na, decreased K) was evident a day earlier (2 vs. 3) in W44 compared with W22 and was most marked in HS. In support, plasma lactose concentrations increased transiently on the same day in HS W44. The greater Na/K ratio in W44 compared with W22 taken together with increased plasma lactose particularly in HS shows that mammary epithelial cell tight junctions become leaky as lactation advances. Weaning age therefore has an impact on milk variables which are indicative of the status of mammary involution in sows and some of these effects are exacerbated by heat stress. Key words: Heat stress, lactation length, mammary involution, sows, weaning

scholarly journals The biological significance of differences in cows and sows colostrum and milk composition

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Kirovski ◽  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
Radisa Prodanovic ◽  
Miloje Djuric ◽  
Zeljko Sladojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Protein Milk

The objective of this work was to compare the composition of colostrum and milk of cows and sows (content of dry matter, protein, milk fat and lactose, concentration of IGF-I and insulin) in samples taken on the first, second, third and seventh day after parturition, and then based on the differences in composition to determine a biological significance of nutrition of newborn during the earliest stages of their life. The investigation inluded 14 cows of Holstein breed and 14 sows of Landrace breed. The content of dry matter and the concentration of proteins in both colostrum and milk samples were statistically significantly higher in regard to sows mammary glands secretion, taken on the first day after the parturition (p<0,01 and p<0,001, individually), but their decrease in mammary glands secretion was more pronounced in the cows than the sows, during the first seven days. The concentration IGF-I was statistically significantly higher in the cows colostrum and milk in regard to the sows during the whole investigation period, while the concentration of insulin was significantly higher in the sows in regard to the cows during the same period. The concentrations of milk fat and lactose in cows milk samples were significantly lower in regard to the sows in all period of the study. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that there are significant differences in the composition of milk and colostrum of both the investigated animal species. The differences are probably the result of evolutionary adaptation of mammal gland function to nutrition, energy and protection requirements of these young animals in their early postnatal life.

Milk composition of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea: variability in lipid content

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2556-2561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria B. Kretzmann ◽  
Daniel P. Costa ◽  
Lesley V. Higgins ◽  
D. J. Needham
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Neophoca Cinerea ◽  
Australian Sea Lion

Thirty-eight milk samples collected over three seasons from 23 individual Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) were analyzed. Mean milk composition was 25.4% lipid (± 9.3% SD), 62.4% water (± 8.1%), 10.5% protein (± 2.2%), and 0.9% ash (± 0.2%). Milk composition appeared to vary considerably among females, and occasionally between successive samples from the same individual. Milk fat content was not correlated with pup age (stage of lactation), female mass, length of the preceding foraging trip, or time onshore prior to milk collection. The relatively low lipid content of Australian sea lion milk compared with that of some other otariid seals is consistent with the hypothesis that otariid females making relatively short trips to sea produce milk with lower fat content than those species which make foraging trips of longer duration.

PSIV-11 Effects of feeding a 50% cranberry vine pellet on milk components during lactation in sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 300-300
Author(s):  
Delaney Smith ◽  
Michael Thonney ◽  
Katherine Petersson ◽  
Maria L Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cell Analysis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding cranberry vine (CV) on milk components during early lactation as part of a larger study on the antiparasitic efficacy of CV supplementation on ewes during the periparturient period. Ewes were fed a 50% CV pellet (CVP; n = 12) or a control pellet (CON; n = 13) beginning at 102±1 d of pregnancy until d 65±1 postpartum. The CV pellet fed was formulated to be equivalent in digestible dry matter to the control pellet. BW was determined weekly during the study and milk samples were collected weekly during lactation. Data were analyzed in SAS with repeated measures. Ewe BW were similar at the start of study (180.36lbs ± 4.70lbs; P = 0.43) however by wk 8 postpartum CVP ewes weighed less than CON ewes (CON: 212.31lbs±7.86lbs; CVP: 185.58lbs±8.00lbs; P = 0.04). There was a treatment*wk effect observed for milk fat, protein and MUN (P ≤ 0.05). Ewes fed CVP exhibited reduced milk fat at wks 2 (CON: 6.75%±0.63%; CVP: 6.06%±0.58%; P = 0.03) and 5 (CON: 6.66%±0.37%; CVP: 5.54%±0.26%; P = 0.05), milk protein was reduced in CVP ewes at wk 2 (CON: 4.92%±0.12%; CVP: 4.72%±0.19%; P = 0.05) and MUN was greater at weeks 4 (CON: 22.89±0.7mg/dL; CVP: 27.93±0.85mg/dL; P = 0.01) and 8 (CON: 24.80±0.51mg/dL; CVP: 26.64±0.86mg/dL; P &lt; 0.01) in CVP ewes. Somatic cell analysis is pending. In conclusion, CVP supplementation during lactation affects milk composition in sheep. Studies are underway to determine the effect of CV supplementation on additional metabolic parameters in pregnant and lactating ewes.

Estimation of 24 h breast-milk fat concentration and fat intake in rural northern Thailand

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy A. Jackson ◽  
Stella M. Imong ◽  
A. Silprasert ◽  
S. Preunglumpoo ◽  
P. Leelapat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
On Demand ◽  
The Mean

1. The present study assesses the accuracy with which mean 24 h breast-milk composition can be estimated if milk samples can only be collected during the daytime.2. Twenty-five northern Thai mothers, feeding their infants on demand, were studied in their homes for 24 h. All feeds were test-weighed and 0·5 ml pre- and post-feed expressed milk samples taken at each feed.3. If daytime sampling was restricted to two breast-feeds, it was found that the best estimate of 24 h fat concentration was given by two randomly chosen daytime feeds, predicting 24 h fat concentration with 95% confidence limits of ±7·0 g/l (equivalent to 21% of mean 24 h fat concentration).4. Alternative sampling methods using the mean fat concentration of the feed after 08·00 hours and after 18·00 hours, or the first two feeds after 12·00 hours, predicted fat concentration with 95% confidence limits of ±9·7 g/l and ±8·9 g/l (28 and 26% of mean 24 h fat concentration) respectively.5. If well-tolerated by mothers, it would be preferable to sample all daytime feeds, since this reduces the 95% confidence limits to ±3·3 g/l, equivalent to 10% of the mean 24 h fat concentration.

scholarly journals Effect of Age on Somatic Cell Count And Milk Composition in Sheep Milk

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Nazik Mahmood Ilyas
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Impact

A total of 50 sheep milk samples during lactations were used to investigate the impact of subclinical mastitis induced Somatic Cell Count (SCC) increase on changes in chemical composition in milk. Samples were collected and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, solids non-fat (SNF) and total solids (TS) and SCC. Within three stages of lactation, all milk samples were analyzed for three times. The highest average of SCC was recorded in ewes aged 4 years (46.67) while lowest average was recorded at the age of 3-3.5 years (34.24%). Protein content was highest at ewes aged 1-1.5, whereas highest lactose percentage recorded at ewes aged 3-3.5. In conclusion, in high SCC milk, lactose content may be more indicative of SCC level than milk fat, protein, SNF and TS during lactation. Age of ewes is an important factor affecting milk composition, thus is a necessary parameter in optimizing sheep milk quality in conditions of subclinical mastitis.

A precise, low-cost milk sampler to enable the analysis of fat, protein, lactose and somatic cells in milk from individual cows

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1100
Author(s):  
T. Clarke ◽  
M. C. Hannah ◽  
H. Wientjes
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Milk Samples

Less than half of Australian dairy farmers undertake production recording that normally requires the collection of milk samples for the measurements of fat, protein and lactose percentages and somatic cell count. Usually the milk samples are collected from individual animals on a ‘one-day-per-month’ basis by temporary milk-metering or sampling devices. Farmers who do not participate in production recording programs may be encouraged to do so if they could use a simple, robust, inexpensive, convenient and precise sampler. A sampler has been developed to meet these criteria. In this paper we report on the precision and bias of the new sampler with respect to milk composition and somatic cell count by comparison with samples collected by test buckets. For milk fat, the precision was only 3.1% and bias was +0.002% coefficient of variation. Precision for fat yield over a lactation period increases by only 0.02% when compared with results based on samplers that are approved by the International Committee for Animal Recording. We consider that the combination of low sampler cost and low sampler errors makes the new sampler aptly suited for production recording and monitoring somatic cell count.

Relationships among macro-minerals, other selected serum markers of bone profile and milk components of dairy cows during late-lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Mordak ◽  
Zbigniew Dobrzański ◽  
Robert Kupczyński
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Macro Mineral

AbstractTesting blood and milk parameters as well as analysing the relationships among these markers is very useful for monitoring the internal homeostasis and health in high-yielding dairy cows during various production periods. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations (relationships) among macro-minerals, such as calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), other selected bone profile markers, such as total protein (TP), albumin, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) measured in serum and selected milk components such as number of somatic cells (SCC), colony-forming units (CFU), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk lactose (ML), dry matter (DM), non-fat dry matter (FDM) and milk production in late-lactation cows. Both blood and milk samples were collected from 11 clinically healthy milking cows during the late-lactation period. The cows were examined once a day for 3 consecutive days resulting in 33 sets of blood and milk samples for laboratory and statistical analysis. Significant correlations were observed between: Mg and MP, Mg and FDM, ALP and SCC, TP and SCC, TP and MP, TP and FDM, albumin and MP, albumin and FDM, P and Mg, Mg and albumin, and between TP and albumin. When monitoring macro-mineral homeostasis and mammary gland health, especially in intensively fed high-yielding dairy cows correlations between these markers should be considered. The revealed correlations can allow for deeper comparative laboratory diagnostics of homeostasis and can be especially useful for laboratory monitoring of the potential risk of subclinical macro-mineral deficiency in high-yielding dairy cows.

scholarly journals Characterization of Short-Term Heat Stress in Holstein Dairy Cows Using Altered Indicators of Metabolomics, Blood Parameters, Milk MicroRNA-216 and Characteristics

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Jang-Hoon Jo ◽  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Dong-Qiao Peng ◽  
Hye-Ran Kim ◽  
Sang-Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

This study aims to characterize the influence of short-term heat stress (HS; 4 day) in early lactating Holstein dairy cows, in terms of triggering blood metabolomics and parameters, milk yield and composition, and milk microRNA expression. Eight cows (milk yield = 30 ± 1.5 kg/day, parity = 1.09 ± 0.05) were homogeneously housed in environmentally controlled chambers, assigned into two groups with respect to the temperature humidity index (THI) at two distinct levels: approximately ~71 (low-temperature, low-humidity; LTLH) and ~86 (high-temperature, high-humidity; HTHH). Average feed intake (FI) dropped about 10 kg in the HTHH group, compared with the LTLH group (p = 0.001), whereas water intake was only numerically higher (p = 0.183) in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Physiological parameters, including rectal temperature (p = 0.001) and heart rate (p = 0.038), were significantly higher in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Plasma cortisol and haptoglobin were higher (p < 0.05) in the HTHH group, compared to the LTLH group. Milk yield, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were lower (p < 0.05) in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Higher relative expression of milk miRNA-216 was observed in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). Valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lactic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol, myo-inositol, and urea were decreased (p < 0.05). These results suggest that early lactating cows are more vulnerable to short-term (4 day) high THI levels—that is, HTHH conditions—compared with LTLH, considering the enormous negative effects observed in measured blood metabolomics and parameters, milk yield and compositions, and milk miRNA-216 expression.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tayanna Bernardo Oliveira Nunes Messias ◽  
Susana Paula Alves ◽  
Rui José Branquinho Bessa ◽  
Marta Suely Madruga ◽  
Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Viability

Abstract In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

scholarly journals Relationship between Temperament and Stage of Lactation, Productivity and Milk Composition of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1840
Author(s):  
Ramūnas Antanaitis ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Vesta Jonike ◽  
Vytenis Čukauskas ◽  
Danguolė Urbšienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Milk Performance

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between temperament and milk performance in cows at different stages of lactation, describing their productivity, metabolic status and resistance to mastitis. This study showed that with increasing lactation, cows’ temperament indicators decreased (p < 0.001) and they became calmer. The highest temperament score on a five-point scale was found in cows between 45 and 100 days of lactation. In the group of pregnant cows, we found more cows (p = 0.005) with a temperament score of 1–2 compared with non-pregnant cows A normal temperament was usually detected in cows with lactose levels in milk of 4.60% or more and when the somatic cell count (SCC) values in cow milk were <100,000/mL and 100,000–200,000/mL, with a milk fat-to-protein ratio of 1.2. A larger number of more sensitive and highly aggressive cows was detected at a low milk urea level. In contrast to a positive phenotypic correlation (p < 0.05), this study showed a negative genetic correlation between the temperament of cows and milk yield (p < 0.001). Positive genetic correlations between temperament scores and milk somatic cells (p < 0.001) and milk fat-to-protein ratio (p < 0.05) were found to indicate a lower genetic predisposition in cows with a calmer temperament to subclinical mastitis and ketosis. On the other hand, the heritability of temperament (h2 = 0.044–0.100) showed that only a small part of the phenotypic changes in this indicator is associated with genetic factors.

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