Effect of once daily 5-h or 10-h cold-exposures on body temperature and resting heat production of beef cattle

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Kennedy ◽  
R. D. Bergen ◽  
R. J. Christopherson ◽  
N. D. Glover ◽  
J. A. Small
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Vaginal Temperature

Twelve yearling crossbred beef heifers weighing 454 ± 31 kg were randomly assigned to either 0 h (control), 5 h (5CE; 0800 to 1300) or 10 h (10CE; 0800 to 1800) of cold exposure (-20°C) daily to determine the effect of daily cold exposures of different durations on body core temperature and resting heat production of beef cattle. Treatments were imposed for a 21-d period (seven intervals of 3 d duration) using two replications with two heifers per treatment × replication combination. Heifers were group housed outdoors in a pen with overhead shade at one end and were moved daily at 0800 to a group pen in either a control room or an environmental chamber set at -20°C. After the 21-d period was completed, resting heat production was measured in a thermal neutral environment for 5 h. Vaginal temperature (Tvag) was continuously monitored using radiotransmitters. Treatment did not affect daily maximum, mean or minimum Tvag, the amount of time spent at Tvag exceeding daily mean Tvag, or the variability of Tvag (P ≥ 0.29). However, when examined within specific phases of the day, treatment effects on Tvag were found. Tvag was elevated 0.24°C (5CE) and 0.35°C (10CE) during the daily first 5 h of cold-exposure (10CE = 5CE > control; P = 0.02) throughout the entire 21-d trial. During other times of the day there was no effect of treatment on Tvag but treatment × interval was significant (P ≤ 0.02) during the 6–10 h from initiation of cold-exposure when the 10CE group remained in the cold but the 5CE group had been returned to the outdoor pen. The Tvag of the 10CE and 5CE heifers was elevated at this time of day compared to control heifers, but only during the first 4 to 6 d (5CE) or 7 to 9 d (10CE) of the trial. These results indicate that thermoregulatory mechanisms that control core body temperature undergo habituation and the timecourse of habituation depends on the duration of daily cold- exposure. Resting heat production was unaffected by the two durations of cold-exposure examined (P = 0.55), suggesting that metabolic acclimation does not occur in response to intermittent cold-exposure of beef cattle. Key words: Beef heifers, vaginal temperature, resting heat production, environment, cold duration

Effects of intermittent cold exposure varying in intensity on core body temperature and resting heat production of beef cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Bergen ◽  
A. D. Kennedy ◽  
R. J. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Temperature Rhythms ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Vaginal Temperature

Crossbred beef heifers (n = 18) fed at 1.3× maintenance were exposed to summer daytime temperatures (20 ± 0.2°C) for 8 h (08:00 until 16:00) and to control (22°C), moderate (–6°C) or cold (–15°C) environments for 16 h daily (16:00 until 08:00) for a minimum 21-d adaptation period to investigate the effects of in tensity of intermittent cold exposure on vaginal temperature and resting heat production. Resting heat production was measured at the end of the adaptation period. Vaginal temperature was continuously monitored throughout the experiment using radiotelemetry. Vaginal temperature increased immediately after the onset of cold exposure in both moderate and cold treatments, peaked after 3 h, and returned to pre-exposure levels by the time the 16-h treatment ended. In contrast, vaginal temperatures of control heifers peaked only after feeding at 08:30. Treatment did not affect daily maximum (P= 0.60), mean (P = 0.72) or minimum (P = 0.34) vaginal temperatures, but heifers in both cold-exposed treatments spent more time (P = 0.03) with vaginal temperatures exceeding the daily mean vaginal temperature than control heifers. Compared to control heifers, the variability of vaginal temperature increased 1.8- and 2.2-fold in the moderate and cold treatments, respectively (P = 0.04), and did not change with time (P = 0.98 ). Resting heat production did not increase following 21 d of exposure to moderate and cold conditions. Results of this study indicate that intermittent cold exposure influenced circadian body temperature rhythms without increasing resting heat production. Key words: Beef cattle, thermoregulation, vaginal temperature, heat production.

scholarly journals Nutritional Programming of Beef Heifers

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Wickersham ◽  
Oney ◽  
Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Nutritional Programming ◽  
Beef Cattle Production

Sustainability of beef cattle production is, in part, dependent on a supply of females selected andadapted to meet the production environment of a given operation. [...]

Thermal balance and biogenic amine excretion in Gaspé fishermen exposed to cold

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Leblanc ◽  
M. Pouliot ◽  
S. Rheaume
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Adrenergic Response

Previous studies have shown a decreased response in fishermen to cold applied locally. In the present study, the same subjects, when exposed naked for 1 hr at 60 F maintained a higher skin temperature than a control group. If these findings indicate a decreased vasoconstriction, all results obtained to date on these fishermen would indicate a decreased adrenergic response. Evidence of gross shivering was much more pronounced in the fishermen but this was not reflected by greater heat production. Both groups excreted more hydroxycortisone in the cold, and the excretion was higher in the control subjects. Cold exposure did not increase the catecholamine excretion in either group. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of P. Tousignant) acclimatization; body temperature; skin temperature; vasomotor adaptation; shivering; adrenergic response in cold habituation; hydroxycortisone excretion in cold stress Submitted on June 17, 1963

scholarly journals Factors associated with body temperature of healthy Holstein dairy cows during the first 10 days in milk

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Suthar ◽  
Onno Burfeind ◽  
Stephanie Bonk ◽  
Rainer Voigtsberger ◽  
Caroline Keane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Vaginal Temperature

In this prospective observational study rectal and vaginal temperature of 82 (26 primiparous, 56 multiparous) early post-partum healthy dairy cows that calved without intervention within 3 months and did not show clinical signs of infectious and metabolic diseases were continuously measured and evaluated for associations with plausible factors during the first 10 days in milk (DIM). During May, June and July mean (±sd) temperature humidity index (THI) was 60·1±5; 66·8±5·6 and 74·2±4·3, respectively. Environmental conditions had a negligible effect on body temperature (BT) during May (P<0·05). During June and July, however, the ambient temperature and THI influenced BT (P<0·05). Furthermore, plausible factors like parity, DIM, months and time of day had an effect on BT (P<0·05). Overall, primiparous cows demonstrated 0·2°C greater BT during the first 10 DIM than multiparous cows. The effect of parity, however, on BT varied between DIM according to month (P<0·001). During this 3-month study period all cows demonstrated BT rhythms; however, the amplitude of BT increased from May to July (0·3 to 0·7°C). A greater proportion of the vaginal temperature measurements exceeded a threshold tested (⩾39·5°C) during July (46·8%) than in June (33·9%) and May (19·3%). Overall the percentage of BT values above a threshold of ⩾39·5°C was lower during the period 6.00–10.00 compared with the remaining 20 h (P<0·05). Therefore this study concluded that the BT of healthy post-partum dairy cows during the period 1–10 DIM post partum is greater compared with the reference range of 38·6 to 39·5°C reported by others and is influenced by parity, DIM, time of day and THI. When the association between BT and THI increased the reliability of threshold levels of BT (⩾39·5°C) decreased.

scholarly journals 160 A comparison of body temperature among pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating hair sheep ewes in the tropics

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 169-170
Author(s):  
Bob Godfrey ◽  
Amran Nero ◽  
Sue Lakos
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Hair Sheep ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaginal Temperature

Abstract St. Croix White hair sheep are well adapted to the tropics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of pregnancy on body temperature of hair sheep. Multiparous St. Croix White ewes (n = 9) were evaluated over 4 d at 128 d of gestation (PREG) and 45 d postpartum (PP) while lactating. A set of non-pregnant, non-lactating (DRY) ewes (n = 9) were also evaluated at each time. Temperature data loggers recorded vaginal temperature (VT) at 10-min intervals for 96 h. Ewes were kept in a 0.6 ha pasture. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS for repeated measures with pregnancy status and time of day in the model. Mean temperature and solar radiation were 26.3 °C and 212.3 W/m2, respectively. Ewe VT was lowest (P &lt; 0.0001) between 0 and 0700 h and greatest between 1400 and 1900 h (38.21 ± 0. 02 vs 39.11 ± 0.02 °C, respectively). Ewe VT was lowest (P &lt; 0.004) in PREG ewes compared to DRY or PP ewes (38.38 ± 0.02 vs 38.76 ± 0.02 vs 38.77 ± 0.02, °C, respectively). The VT of PREG ewes was lower than that of DRY ewes (P &lt; 0.0001) during 0 to 0480 and 1920 to 2400 h, but there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) between 0480 and 1920 h. There was no difference in VT between PP and DRY ewes at any time of the day (P &gt; 0.10). The VT of PREG ewes was lower than that of PP ewes (P &lt; 0.0001) during 0 to 0480 and 1920 to 2400 h, but there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) between 0480 and 1920 h. The lower VT of PREG ewes compared to PP and DRY ewes may be a protective mechanism for the developing fetus.

Effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heat production of warm- and cold-acclimated sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 985-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Graham ◽  
R. J. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Temperature Responses

The heat production (HP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate, rumen motility, and body temperature responses to 2.5-h adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) intrajugular infusions at 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 0.90 μg∙kg−1∙min−1 were studied in 10 shorn wethers which had been chronically (3–8 weeks) exposed to warm (19–24 °C) or moderately cold (8–13 °C) temperatures. Heat production, as estimated from respired gas analysis, increased 40–45% with all doses of A and the effect was potentiated by chronic cold exposure. Only the higher dose rates of NA induced an increase in HP. The maximum HP increase due to NA was 30% and the effect was not influenced by chronic cold exposure. Thermoneutral HP was greater by 16–19% in cold-acclimated as compared with warm-acclimated sheep. Corresponding to the HP effects of A and NA, all doses of A and the highest dose of NA resulted in slight increases in rectal temperature. Respiration rate increased with increased dose rate of NA but only the highest dose of A resulted in an increase in respiration rate. HR, rectal temperature, and respiration rate responses to A and NA were not influenced by cold acclimation.

scholarly journals Cold-induced heat production preceding shivering

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. J. van Ooijen ◽  
Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt ◽  
Anton A. van Steenhoven ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Large Heat

Individual changes in heat production and body temperature were studied in response to cold exposure, prior to shivering. The subjects ten women (seven men) were of normal weight, had a mean age of 23 (SD 3) years and average BMI 22·2 (SD 1·6) Kg/m2. They were lying supine under thermoneutral conditions for 30 min and were subsequently exposed to air of 15°C until shivering occurred. Heat production was measured with a ventilated hood. Body composition was measured with underwater weighing and 2H dilution. Body temperatures were measured with thermistors. Heat production during cold exposure prior to shivering increased and reached a plateau. Skin temperature decreased and did not reach a plateau during the test period. The non-shivering interval (NSI) ranged from 20 to 148 min, was not related to body composition and was not significantly different between women (81 (sd 15) min) and men (84 (sd 34) min). NSI was negatively related to skin temperature (r2 0·44, P=0·004), and skin temperature was related to heat production (r2 0·39, P=0·007) In conclusion, subjects with a relatively large heat production during cold exposure maintained a relatively high skin temperature but showed a short NSI, independent of differences in body composition.

Cold-induced inhibition of thermal panting in shorn sheep. 2. Effect of previous acclimatization to cold

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slee
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Respiratory Centre ◽  
Reduction Effect

SUMMARY1. Short cold exposures (2 hr at 18° or 8°C) were used to delay or block panting during subsequent heat stress in shorn Merino and Scottish Blackface sheep. The effect of previous acclimatization to cold upon the block to thermal panting was studied.2. After acclimatization the block was reduced, but less in Merinos than in Blackfaces. In Blackfaces, the reduction effect was inconsistent after short periods of acclimatization, but became significant after prolonged (3 weeks) acclimatization.3. Acclimatization produced elevations in heart rate and body temperature implying increased heat production. Variation in block reduction between breeds and between individuals was related to these presumed changes in heat production. Sheep with highly elevated metabolic rates showed complete block prevention. 4. After cold exposure ceased, elevated heat production disappeared within 8 days and the block returned.5. It was concluded that elevated heat production resulting from acclimatization caused block prevention partly because increased heat storage cancelled the heat debt otherwise incurred during blocking treatment and partly because the increased requirement for heat dissipation overruled the respiratory centre block.

Thermogenesis during rest and exercise in cold air

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1149-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent J. Paolone ◽  
Albert M. Paolone
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Rest And Exercise

Nine non-cold-acclimated subjects (5 female, 4 male, mean age 22.5 years) were studied to determine whether nonshivering thermogenesis contributes to cold-induced metabolic heat production during rest (50 min standing) and exercise (40 min treadmill walking) in 5 °C. Propranolol was administered orally (females, 60 mg, 1.12 mg∙kg−1; males, 80 mg, 0.96 mg∙kg−1) to block nonshivering thermogenesis. Measurements were taken at both 25 °C, 13.1 Torr (water vapor pressure; 1 Torr = 133.3 Pa) and 5 °C, 3.6 Torr, with sessions randomly assigned to be drug–neutral (DN), drug–cold (DC), placebo–neutral (PN), and placebo–cold (PC). Body core temperature was not different between any of the experimental conditions. Mean body temperature (5 °C, 32.2 ± 0.20 °C (±SEM); 25 °C, 35.3 ± 0.20 °C) and mean skin temperature (5 °C, 22.4 ± 0.70 °C; 25 °C, 31.4 ± 0.60 °C) were lower (p < 0.05) in the 5 °C than 25 °C environment (rest, exercise, drug (D), placebo (P), combined); while shivering (EMG) was higher (16.5 ± 3.9% above baseline) at 5 °C than 25 °C (15 ± 2.1% below baseline) (p < 0.05). The greater [Formula: see text] in 5 °C compared with 25 °C for the same condition is the thermoregulatory [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] (mL∙min−1) was lower (p < 0.05) on the D [Formula: see text] than on the P [Formula: see text] during rest and during exercise (D, 206.1 ± 63.7; P, 338.4 ± 46.7). The EMG was 21% above baseline in the DC, and 12% above baseline for PC (p > 0.05). These results suggest a nonshivering component to heat production during acute cold exposure, which can be blocked with propranolol.Key words: nonshivering thermogenesis, propranolol, β-adrenergic blockade, body temperature, exercise, shivering.

scholarly journals Habituation Protocols Improve Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Beef Cattle Exposed to Students in an Animal Handling Class

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2159
Author(s):  
Aska Ujita ◽  
Zachary Seekford ◽  
Michelle Kott ◽  
Guillermo Goncherenko ◽  
Nicholas W. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Animal Handling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaginal Temperature

Our objective was to determine the impact of different habituation protocols on beef cattle behavior, physiology, and temperament in response to human handling. Beef heifers were exposed to three habituation strategies: (1) tactile stimulation (brushing) in the working chute for seven consecutive days (STI; n = 18); (2) passage through the working chute for seven consecutive days (CHU; n = 19) and; (3) no habituation (CON; n = 19). Individual heifer respiratory rate (RR; n/min), internal vaginal temperature (VAGT; °C), and blood cortisol were measured. Further, behavior parameters were observed to generate a behavior score, and heifer interaction with students and their behavioral responses were recorded. Habituation with STI and CHU resulted in improved numerical behavioral scores compared to CON, and greater (p ≤ 0.05) handling latencies. Vaginal temperature was decreased in STI compared to CHU and CONT (p ≤ 0.05). Cortisol concentration did not differ among treatments, but decreased (p ≤ 0.05) from the start of the experiment to 14 days after treatment initiation. Both habituation protocols showed benefits, but heifers that received the positive tactile stimulation in the chute had the greatest behavior improvements. Furthermore, these heifers responded more calmly during student-animal interactions in class, which is beneficial for the students’ and animals’ safety.

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