Use of dietary tea seeds to manipulate the rumen ciliate protozoa population in sheep

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-735
Author(s):  
M. Ivan and T. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa ◽  
Numerical Concentration

Eighteen rumen cannulated sheep in three groups of six were supplemented with tea seeds at 0 (control), 3 or 6% of the dietary dry matter in a 22-d experiment. Rumen fluid samples were collected on 3 d before and on various days during the experiment. The concentration of protozoa in rumen fluid was not affected by the tea seed supplements (P > 0.05), but the numerical concentration of the Entodinium genera declined by 12% (P < 0.05) and that of cellulolytic protozoa increased by 90% (P < 0.05) due to the 6% tea seed supplement. The associated percentage in the rumen ciliate protozoa population of the cellulolytic protozoa increased (P < 0.05) and that of the Entodinium genera decreased (P < 0.05) due to the 6% supplement. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of the 3% tea seed supplement on the protozoa population parameters. Since ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected (P > 0.05) it was apparent that the tea seed supplements did not influence rumen fermentation. The positive effect of the 6% tea seed supplement on the ciliate protozoa population obtained in the present study was relatively modest. Because the seeds contain astringent properties, higher than 6% dietary supplements of tea seeds can be harmful to animals. It was therefore concluded that tea seeds are of no apparent value as an antiprotozoal dietary component in ruminant production. Key words: Tea seeds, ciliate protozoa, rumen fluid, sheep

Substitution of sorghum grain for molasses increases the liveweight gain of steers given molasses-based diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PEIRIS ◽  
R. ELLIOTT ◽  
B. W. NORTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Sorghum grain was included in a basal diet of molasses (molasses 505, urea 21, sunflower meal 191, pangola grass hay 250, minerals 31 g/kg as fed) at rates of 0, 202, 391 and 707 g/kg, generating diets in which grain replaced 0 (diet A), 33 (diet B), 66 (diet C) and 100% (diet D) of the molasses and hay. The four diets were fed to groups of four Hereford steers (293–334 kg liveweight) over a 96-day period. One half of each treatment group was implanted with a growth promotant (zeranol), and all were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir at the end of the trial. The inclusion of 33% grain increased voluntary feed consumption, digestible dry matter (DM) intake (from 57·6 to 82·0 g digestible DM/kg0·75 per day and significantly increased liveweight gain from 592 to 900 g/day. Zeranol implantation also increased liveweight gain but not feed intake. Steers given only grain (diet D) had the highest liveweight gains (1127 g/day). The addition of grain to molasses diets decreased urinary N excretion and increased ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid. Molar proportions of propionic acid in total VFA increased from 0·15 to 0·20, and butyric acid decreased from 0·36 to 0·29 when 33% of the molasses was replaced by sorghum grain. The fat content (depth at sacral position) of the carcasses of steers given grain only (diet D) was significantly greater (14 mm) than that of steers given the basal diet of molasses (4 mm), and carcass fat contents were intermediate (10 and 11 mm) for steers given diets B and C respectively. It was concluded that the inclusion of small amounts of grain in molasses-based diets increased cattle growth principally by increasing digestible energy intake without decreasing molasses intake, thus improving the efficiency of utilization of molasses in molasses-based diets.

scholarly journals Methane formation in faunated and ciliate-free cattle and its relationship with rumen volatile fatty acid proportions

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
L. A. Bruce ◽  
W. J. Shand
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Residual Standard Deviation ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

1. Twelve steers fitted with rumen cannulas were used in three separate experiments to investigate the effects of the presence or absence of rumen ciliate protozoa on methane production. The diet consisted of 850 g barley and 150 g protein supplement/kg, and was given in three feeds daily at a restricted level of 61 g/kg live weight0.75. Animals were defaunated initially by allowingad lib. consumption of this diet and were then maintained ciliate-free by isolation or were faunated by inoculation with a mixed ciliate suspension. Samples of rumen fluid were taken routinely for the assessment of microbial populations and for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis and energy and nitrogen balances and digestibility measurements were made at intervals while animals were confined in respiration chambers.2. In each experiment the rumen VFA proportions changed from a high-propionate pattern under ciliate-free conditions to a low-propionate, high-butyrate pattern in the presence of ciliates: differences between treatments were highly significant (P < 0.001). There were also marked differences between treatments in CH, production but a reliable comparison was possible only in Expt 3, in which CH4was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the presence of a rumen ciliate population. In Expt 3 the increased loss of energy as CH4in the faunated animals amounted to 44 MJ/100 MJ energy intake.3. Stoichiometric estimates of CH4production derived from the observed VFA proportions showed good agreement with CH4production as measured in respiration chambers. On average, the stoichiometric CH4values overestimated CH4production by a factor of 1.08.4. Highly significant linear relationships (P < 0.001) were observed between the molar proportion of each major VFA and the quantity of CH4produced: the proportion of propionic acid was inversely related to CH4and showed the lowest residual standard deviation of all the relationships examined.5. The losses of energy in faeces and urine did not differ between treatments hence the increased loss of energy as CH4in the faunated animals resulted in a significant reduction in the metabolizability of the diet from 0.73 to 0.69 (P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected between treatments in heat production, apparent digestibility coefficients or N balance.6. It is suggested that the rumen ciliates, by modifying the rumen VFA proportions, are directly responsible for the increased CH4production in faunated animals.

Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. 2. The effect of urea and maize flour, or protected-casein

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
PJ Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Maize Flour ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture

Twenty-five Hereford cattle, of both sexes and a mean liveweight (� s.e.) of 172 �5.6 kg were allocated randomly from stratified groups to five treatments in which urea (UR), urea plus maize (URM), urea plus maize flour and protected casein (URMFC) or protected casein alone (FC) were offered to individually penned cattle on a basal diet of native pasture hay (8.4 g N/kg dry matter (DM)) over 70 days. Rumen ammonia concentrations were low in cattle on the basal hay diet (mean � s.e.d.) of 17 � 10.0 mg N/L but were significantly increased (P<0.01) by a supplement of 280 g/head.day of protected casein (FC) to 70 mg N/L and increased further (1 68 mg N/L) when urea was included with maize (URM) in the treatment. Volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were increased (P<0.05) only by URM which also resulted in higher (P< 0..01) molar proportions of propionic acid. All treatments increased (P< 0.01) the hay intake of cattle during the study with the exception of URM, which was based on a high rate of feeding (400 g/day) of maize flour. Liveweight change of cattle was increased (P<0.01) by urea (UR) and maize flour (URM) to 290 and 340 � 56 g/head.day respectively. Higher (P< 0.01) liveweight gains were recorded when protected casein was included in the diet (URMFC, FC), being 550 and 600 g/head.day respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the scope for improving the efficiency of gain in cattle on a low quality grass hay by including low rumen-degradable proteins as a supplement to grass hays.

DRY MATTER LOSS AND VOLATILE FATTY ACID PRODUCTION IN THE ARTIFICIAL RUMEN AS INDICES OF FORAGE QUALITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Asplund ◽  
R. T. Berg ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
W. J. Pigden
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Procedures are described for determining dry matter losses and for measuring volatile fatty acid production by direct chromatographic separation of acids produced during incubation of finely ground forages in miniature artificial rumen units. The results of preliminary assays done on three samples of unknown digestibility—excellent alfalfa hay, good mixed grass-alfalfa hay, and oat straw—showed that significantly different percentages of dry matter were lost and significantly different amounts of fatty acids were produced when feeds of such diverse quality were fermented. Analysis of the data for two groups of 11 and 6 samples of hay, for which dry matter digestibility coefficients as determined with sheep were available, indicated the existence of a high degree of correlation between dry matter digestibility in vivo and both dry matter loss and fatty acid production in vitro. Differences in assay results were observed when filtered rumen fluid or washed cells from the rumen fluid of sheep fed hay or from sheep fed straw were employed as sources of inocula. Examples of unsolved problems which are pertinent to the appraisal of the efficacy of artificial rumen assays for the estimation of the nutritive value of forages are discussed.

Rumen fermentation characteristics of dairy cows grazing different allowances of Persian clover- or perennial ryegrass-dominant swards in spring

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Williams ◽  
G. P. Walker ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
A. R. Egan ◽  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

An experiment was conducted in which cows in early lactation grazed Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-dominant pastures at low or high pasture allowances in order to determine the effects of pasture type and level of feeding on rumen fermentation patterns. The hypotheses for grazing dairy cows were: (i) the consumption of Persian clover would result in a more rapid rate of degradation and less stable rumen fermentation patterns compared with perennial ryegrass; and (ii) the greater intake of cows grazing at high compared with low pasture allowances would also cause less stable rumen fermentation patterns. Stability of rumen fermentation refers to the level to which rumen fluid pH declines, especially for long periods of a day, indicating that the rumen is not coping with neutralising and/or removing acids. Cows grazing Persian clover had lower (P<0.05) average daily rumen fluid pH (5.7 v. 5.9), molar proportions of acetic acid (68.3 v. 70.6%) and ratios of lipogenic to glucogenic volatile fatty acid (4.6 v. 5.1) in the rumen than those grazing perennial ryegrass. They had higher (P<0.05) rumen fluid ammonia-N (26.3 v. 13.0 mg/100 mL) and total volatile fatty acid (165 v. 134 mmol/L) concentrations and molar proportions of butyric (11.3 v. 10.7%) and propionic (17.2 v. 16.1%) acids than cows grazing perennial ryegrass. Cows grazing at low pasture allowances had a higher (P<0.05) average daily rumen fluid pH (5.9 v. 5.7) and lower rumen fluid ammonia-N (18.6 v. 20.7 mg/100 mL) and total volatile fatty acid (143 v. 156 mmol/L) concentrations than cows grazing at high pasture allowances. Cows given Persian clover at the high allowance had a rumen fluid pH less than 6.0 for the entire day while rumen fluid pH was below 6.0 for at least 15 h of the day on all the other treatments. There was no effect (P>0.05) of pasture allowance on the degradation rate of perennial ryegrass dry matter, but the higher allowance of Persian clover resulted in the highest (P<0.05) rate of degradation of dry matter compared with either ryegrass treatment or the low allowance of Persian clover. The effective dry matter degradability of Persian clover was greater (P<0.05) than that of perennial ryegrass, and the effective dry matter degradability of herbage in cows grazing at low allowances was greater (P<0.05) than at higher allowances. However, future research should consider neutral detergent fibre degradation in grazing dairy cows with low rumen fluid pH levels.

scholarly journals The Effect of Multistage Ammoniation on Fiber Fraction and Digestibility of Maize Stover in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dakaew ◽  
A. Abrar ◽  
A. Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Fiber Fraction ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The main objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover in vitro. Maize stover was treated by a multistage technique of different urea connect ration (8%, 4%, and 2%) and incubation for 14 days at room temperature.Digestibility of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), NH3-N, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and pH concentration were observed. However treatment maize stover and multistage ammoniation maize stover were composed by using T-test student as the statistic. There were not significantly different on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover. However, multistage ammoniation decreased ADF fraction by 56.67% to45.39%. The DM digestibility of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also increased by 35.18 to 45.91. The total VFA and N-ammonia of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also higher than control.Keywords: Ammoniation, Digestibility, in vitro, Maize stover

FERMENTATION OF WHEAT OR LUPINS IN THE RUMEN OF SHEEP

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 29-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. HODGE ◽  
M. J. WATSON ◽  
C. KAT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The concentration of ammonia nitrogen and branched chain fatty acids was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ruminal fluid of sheep given lupins than in those given wheat but there were no significant differences in pH, total volatile fatty acid concentration or molar proportions of acetate, propionate or butyrate. Key words: Sheep, wheat, lupins, rumen, fermentation

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