Past, present and future perspectives on sexing sperm

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Garner ◽  
G. E. Seidel Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Hoechst 33342 ◽  
Cell Sorter ◽  
Mammalian Sperm ◽  
Bovine Sperm

Development of flow cytometry for sorting mammalian sperm according to their sex chromosomes began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This technology, which has recently been commercialized for bovine sperm, is based on the differences in DNA content between X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm. Under ideal conditions, 5000 live bovine sperm of each sex can be sorted per second at 90% accuracy. Pregnancy rates of 50% have been achieved routinely in well-managed heifers with sex-sorted, cryopreserved bovine sperm compared to 60–80% with unsexed control sperm. About 90% of offspring have been of the selected sex. Sorting sperm according to sex chromosome content is similarly successful in many other mammals including exotic species, but sorting efficiencies are somewhat less for sperm from some species. Key words: Mammals, sex chromosomes, flow cytometer, cell sorter, DNA content, X and Y sperm, Hoechst 33342

Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes and Their DNA Content in Fish: An Insight through Satellite DNA Accumulation in Megaleporinus elongatus

2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Crepaldi ◽  
Patricia P. Parise-Maltempi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Satellite Dna ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Graph Based Clustering

The repetitive DNA content of fish sex chromosomes provides valuable insights into specificities and patterns of their genetic sex determination systems. In this study, we revealed the genomic satellite DNA (satDNA) content of Megaleporinuselongatus, a Neotropical fish species with Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1W1Z2W2 multiple sex chromosomes, through high-throughput analysis and graph-based clustering, isolating 68 satDNA families. By physically mapping these sequences in female metaphases, we discovered 15 of the most abundant satDNAs clustered in its chromosomes, 9 of which were found exclusively in the highly heterochromatic W1. This heteromorphic sex chromosome showed the highest amount of satDNA accumulations in this species. The second most abundant family, MelSat02-26, shared FISH signals with the NOR-bearing pair in similar patterns and is linked to the multiple sex chromosome system. Our results demonstrate the diverse satDNA content in M. elongatus, especially in its heteromorphic sex chromosome. Additionally, we highlighted the different accumulation patterns and distribution of these sequences across species by physically mapping these satDNAs in other Anostomidae, Megaleporinusmacrocephalus and Leporinusfriderici (a species without differentiated sex chromosomes).

scholarly journals DNA analysis and sorting of viable mouse testis cells.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
W M Grogan ◽  
W F Farnham ◽  
J M Sabau
Keyword(s):  
Dna Content ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Testis ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Hoechst 33342 ◽  
Cell Sorter ◽  
Pachytene Spermatocytes

The dye Hoechst 33342 and a 2-parameter cell sorter have been used to measure DNA content in viable testis cells and to sort pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids from adult mouse testis to virtually 100% homogeneity. Early diploid spermatogenic cells were enriched to 90%, a 10-fold purification. The capability for viable sorting of most testis cell types to homogeneity in numbers suitable for many biochemical applications is demonstrated.

Undifferentiated sex chromosomes in Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera; Mastotermitidae) and the evolution of eusociality in termites

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bedo
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Mitotic Metaphase ◽  
Evolution Of Sex ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Chromosome Differentiation ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
Metaphase I

Meiosis and mitosis was studied in males of the primitive termite Mastotermes darwiniensis, which is closely related to the Dictyoptera. In mitotic metaphase cells 98 chromosomes were found with a matching 49 bivalents at metaphase I. Mastotermes darwiniensis has a largely acrocentric karyotype with no sex-linked translocation complexes, like those found in many other termite species, or other sex chromosome differentiation. These observations suggest that ancestral termites probably had karyotypes with many small chromosomes lacking sex chromosome differentiation and that there is no connection between the evolution of sex-linked translocation complexes and eusociality. Key words: sex chromosomes, Mastotermes, termites, eusociality.

The pattern of sex chromosome kinetochore phosphorylation during nonrandom segregation in a flea beetle

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Holly Kupfer ◽  
Dwayne Wise
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Kinetochore Protein ◽  
Linear Configuration ◽  
Meiosis I ◽  
Metaphase I

In the flea beetle species, Alagoasa bicolor, males have two sex chromosomes, X and Y, each of which is larger than the rest of the genome combined. These large sex chromosomes do not pair at meiosis I, and are therefore not joined at metaphase I. Nevertheless, they always segregate from each other at anaphase I. As prometaphase I progresses, the unpaired X and Y undergo reorientation from a parallel to a linear configuration. Using 3F3/2, an antibody that detects the level of phosphorylation of a kinetochore protein or proteins, we have determined that this reorientation is not accompanied by a change in the level of phosphorylation of the kinetochores of either X or Y. This implies that: i) either the reorientation does not involve the loss or gain of kinetochore microtubules, or ii) if such loss or gain occurs, it does not effect a change in the tension placed on the nonrandomly segregating kinetochores, or iii) the sex chromosomes, as in some other species, have lost the ability to sense kinetochore tension changes. Evolution of nonrandom segregation may necessitate the inability of the participating chromosomes to affect the metaphase checkpoint. Key words: nonrandom segregation, sex chromosomes, kinetochores.

Variation in sex-linked interchange heterozygosity in the termite Incisitermes schwarzi Banks (Insecta: Isoptera) on the island of Jamaica

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Luykx
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
The Family ◽  
A Chain

Collections of colonies of the termite Incisitermes schwarzi from mangroves around the coast of Jamaica revealed six chromosomal types, all involving variations or rearrangements of the sex chromosomes. One of the types had a heteromorphic sex bivalent in which the Y chromosome was larger than the X. The other five races had complex interchange multiples: a chain of 11, a chain of 12, a ring of 12, a ring of 14, and a ring of 18 chromosomes. The situation is similar to that described previously for Kalotermes approximatus, another member of the family Kalotermitidae, in the southeastern United States. The different chromosomal types can be arranged in an evolutionary series, each step requiring an interchange or fusion between an autosome and a previously existing sex chromosome. Such polymorphic chromosome systems, containing Y-segregating elements of different evolutionary ages, may offer an unusual opportunity for studying the sequence of changes accompanying the evolution of Y chromosomes. Key words: termite, Incisitermes, sex-linkage, translocation, interchange, Jamaica.

scholarly journals Fluorescence polarization and pulse width analysis of chromosomes by a flow system.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
L S Cram ◽  
D J Arndt-Jovin ◽  
B G Grimwade ◽  
T M Jovin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Content ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Hoechst 33342 ◽  
Cell Sorter ◽  
Emission Anisotropy ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Rigid Rods ◽  
Computer Controlled

Isolated Chinese hamster chromosomes have been analyzed using a multiparameter computer-controlled cell sorter to obtain information about unique properties of individual chromosomes. Parameters other than DNA content were sought that would further aid in distinguishing among chromosomes. The polarized emission of the DNA-specific bis-benzimidazole dye Hoechst 33342 was measured for each class of chromosomes identified by a distinct peak, i.e., differeing in DNA content. The emission anisotropy values for all chromosome classes was constant (emission anisotropy = 0.30), and the same value was obtained for purified DNA in solution. Pulse width was found to be a good parameter for resolving chromosomes as a function of total emission in the case of the smaller chromosomes and orientation (i.e., arm length) for large chromosomes. A simple theoretical model for predicting the pulse shapes generated by arbitrarily oriented, thin, rigid rods was developed and applied to the evaluation of the experimental data.

scholarly journals Differential Gene Expression between Fungal Mating Types Is Associated with Sequence Degeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Juan Ma ◽  
Fantin Carpentier ◽  
Tatiana Giraud ◽  
Michael E Hood
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Sexual Antagonism ◽  
Recombination Suppression

Abstract Degenerative mutations in non-recombining regions, such as in sex chromosomes, may lead to differential expression between alleles if mutations occur stochastically in one or the other allele. Reduced allelic expression due to degeneration has indeed been suggested to occur in various sex-chromosome systems. However, whether an association occurs between specific signatures of degeneration and differential expression between alleles has not been extensively tested, and sexual antagonism can also cause differential expression on sex chromosomes. The anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae is ideal for testing associations between specific degenerative signatures and differential expression because 1) there are multiple evolutionary strata on the mating-type chromosomes, reflecting successive recombination suppression linked to mating-type loci; 2) separate haploid cultures of opposite mating types help identify differential expression between alleles; and 3) there is no sexual antagonism as a confounding factor accounting for differential expression. We found that differentially expressed genes were enriched in the four oldest evolutionary strata compared with other genomic compartments, and that, within compartments, several signatures of sequence degeneration were greater for differentially expressed than non-differentially expressed genes. Two particular degenerative signatures were significantly associated with lower expression levels within differentially expressed allele pairs: upstream insertion of transposable elements and mutations truncating the protein length. Other degenerative mutations associated with differential expression included nonsynonymous substitutions and altered intron or GC content. The association between differential expression and allele degeneration is relevant for a broad range of taxa where mating compatibility or sex is determined by genes located in large regions where recombination is suppressed.

Evolution of Sex Chromosome Heteromorphy in Geographic Populations of the Japanese Tago’s Brown Frog Complex

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Chiao Kuwana ◽  
Hiroyuki Fujita ◽  
Masataka Tagami ◽  
Takanori Matsuo ◽  
Ikuo Miura
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Geographic Populations ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Brown Frog ◽  
Eastern Japan

The sex chromosomes of most anuran amphibians are characterized by homomorphy in both sexes, and evolution to heteromorphy rarely occurs at the species or geographic population level. Here, we report sex chromosome heteromorphy in geographic populations of the Japanese Tago’s brown frog complex (2n = 26), comprising Rana sakuraii and R. tagoi. The sex chromosomes of R. sakuraii from the populations in western Japan were homomorphic in both sexes, whereas chromosome 7 from the populations in eastern Japan were heteromorphic in males. Chromosome 7 of R. tagoi, which is distributed close to R. sakuraii in eastern Japan, was highly similar in morphology to the Y chromosome of R. sakuraii. Based on this and on mitochondrial gene sequence analysis, we hypothesize that in the R. sakuraii populations from eastern Japan the XY heteromorphic sex chromosome system was established by the introduction of chromosome 7 from R. tagoi via interspecies hybridization. In contrast, chromosome 13 of R. tagoi from the 2 large islands in western Japan, Shikoku and Kyushu, showed a heteromorphic pattern of constitutive heterochromatin distribution in males, while this pattern was homomorphic in females. Our study reveals that sex chromosome heteromorphy evolved independently at the geographic lineage level in this species complex.

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