Expression levels of STAT5A and STAT5B in mammary parenchymal tissue from Upton-Meishan and Large White gilts

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Palin ◽  
D. Beaudry ◽  
C. Roberge ◽  
C. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Large White ◽  
Parenchymal Tissue ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Gland Development

The implication of STAT5A and STAT5B in mammary gland development and maintenance of lactation is well documented in rodents and humans. However, little is known regarding their roles in mammary gland development during gestation in pigs. We identified and analyzed the complete coding sequences of swine STAT5A and STAT5B and evaluated their mRNA levels in mammary glands of gestating gilts (day 110) in two different breeds, Upton-Meishan and Large White. Sequence analysis revealed a new APASA insertion in the STAT5A amino acid sequence that is in close proximity to residue Tyr 699 and whose phosporylation leads to the activation of target genes’ transcription. STAT5A mRNA levels were higher in Upton-Meishan than in Large White. In both breeds, STAT5B mRNA levels were higher than those of STAT5A , which is contrary to what was found in other mammals. A correlation between circulating IGF-I levels and STAT5B mRNA levels in the mammary gland was noticed in the Upton-Meishan breed only. STAT5B mRNA levels in mammary tissue of Large White gilts were highly correlated with extra-parenchymal tissue weight, parenchymal tissue weight, total parenchymal DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA ratio. In Upton-Meishan gilts, correlations were observed only between extra-parenchymal weight and STAT5A and STAT5B mRNA levels. These results indicate that there are significant differences in mRNA levels of STAT5A and STAT5B in the mammary glands of pregnant gilts when compared to other mammals, and between swine breeds. Key words: Mammary glands, signal transducers, pregnancy, kinases, pig, expression

Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 is required for mammary gland development†

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1259
Author(s):  
Globinna Kim ◽  
Jong Geol Lee ◽  
Seung-A Cheong ◽  
Jung-Min Yon ◽  
Myeong Sup Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Membrane Component ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Receptor Membrane ◽  
Gland Development

Abstract The physiological functions of progesterone (P4) in female reproductive organs including the mammary glands are mediated via the progesterone receptor (PR), but not all P4 functions can be explained by PR-mediated signaling. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), a potential mediator of P4 actions, plays an important role in the ovary and uterus in maintaining female fertility and pregnancy, but its function in mammary glands has not been elucidated. This study investigated the role of PGRMC1 in mouse mammary gland development. Unlike in the uterus, exogenous estrogen (E2) and/or P4 did not alter PGRMC1 expression in the mammary gland, and Pgrmc1-knockout (KO) mice displayed reduced ductal elongation and side branching in response to hormone treatment. During pregnancy, PGRMC1 was expressed within both the luminal and basal epithelium and gradually increased with gestation and decreased rapidly after parturition. Moreover, although lactogenic capacity was normal after parturition, Pgrmc1 KO resulted in defective mammary gland development from puberty until midpregnancy, while the expression of PR and its target genes was not significantly different between wild-type and Pgrmc1-KO mammary gland. These data suggest that PGRMC1 is essential for mammary gland development during puberty and pregnancy in a PR-independent manner.

scholarly journals Target Gene and Function Prediction of Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs in Lactating Mammary Glands of Dairy Goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Dong ◽  
Zhi-Bin Ji ◽  
Cun-Xian Chen ◽  
Gui-Zhi Wang ◽  
Jian-Min Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Gland Development

MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that can regulate gene expression, and they can be involved in the regulation of mammary gland development. The differential expression of miRNAs during mammary gland development is expected to provide insight into their roles in regulating the homeostasis of mammary gland tissues. To screen out miRNAs that should have important regulatory function in the development of mammary gland from miRNA expression profiles and to predict their function, in this study, the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in the lactating mammary glands of Laoshan dairy goats are predicted, and then the functions of these miRNAs are analyzed via bioinformatics. First, we screen the expression patterns of 25 miRNAs that had shown significant differences during the different lactation stages in the mammary gland. Then, these miRNAs are clustered according to their expression patterns. Computational methods were used to obtain 215 target genes for 22 of these miRNAs. Combining gene ontology annotation, Fisher’s exact test, and KEGG analysis with the target prediction for these miRNAs, the regulatory functions of miRNAs belonging to different clusters are predicted.

scholarly journals Expression and localisation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the bovine mammary gland during development, function and involution

2003 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Schams ◽  
S Kohlenberg ◽  
W Amselgruber ◽  
B Berisha ◽  
MW Pfaffl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Gland Development

It is now well established that oestrogen and progesterone are absolutely essential for mammary gland development. Lactation can be induced in non-pregnant animals by sex steroid hormone treatment. Most of the genomic actions of oestrogens are mediated by two oestrogen receptors (ER)-alpha and ERbeta, and for gestagens in ruminants by the progesterone receptor (PR). Our aim was the evaluation of mRNA expression and protein (localisation and Western blotting) during mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis (early, middle and late) and involution (8, 24, 28, 96-108 h and 14-28 days after the end of milking) in the bovine mammary gland (total no. 53). During these stages, the mRNA was assessed by means of real-time RT-PCR (LightCycler). The protein for ERalpha, ERbeta and PR was localised by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The mRNA expression results indicated the existence of ERalpha, ERbeta and PR in bovine mammary gland. Both ERalpha and PR are expressed in fg/ micro g total RNA range. The highest mRNA expression was found for ERalpha and PR in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, followed by a significant decrease to a lower level at the time of lactogenesis with low concentrations remaining during lactation and the first 4 weeks of involution. In contrast, the expression of ERbeta was about 1000-fold lower (ag/ micro g total RNA) and showed no clear difference during the stages examined, with a significant increase only 2-4 weeks after the end of milking. Immunolocalisation for ERalpha revealed a strong positive staining in nuclei of lactocytes in non-pregnant heifers, became undetectable during pregnancy, lactogenesis and lactation, and was again detectable 14-28 days after the end of milking. In contrast, PR was localised in the nuclei of epithelial cells in the mammary tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, in primigravid animals, and during late lactation and involution. During lactogenesis, peak and mid lactation, fewer nuclei of epithelial cells were positive, but increased staining of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells was obvious. ERalpha and ERbeta protein was found in all mammary gland stages examined by Western blotting. In contrast to mRNA expression, the protein signal for ERalpha was weaker in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers and during involution (4 weeks). ERbeta protein showed a stronger signal (two isoform bands) in non-pregnant heifers and 4 weeks after the end of milking. This correlated with the mRNA expression data. Three isoforms of PR (A, B and C) were found by Western blotting in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, but only isoform B remained during the following stages (lactogenesis, galactopoiesis and involution). In conclusion, the mRNA expression and protein data for ER and PR showed clear regulatory changes, suggesting involvement of these receptors in bovine mammary gland development and involution.

scholarly journals Essential functions of p21-activated kinase 1 in morphogenesis and differentiation of mammary glands

2003 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui-An Wang ◽  
Ratna K. Vadlamudi ◽  
Rozita Bagheri-Yarmand ◽  
Iwan Beuvink ◽  
Nancy E. Hynes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
P21 Activated Kinase ◽  
Gland Development

Although growth factors have been shown to influence mammary gland development, the nature of downstream effectors remains elusive. In this study, we show that the expression of p21-activated kinase (Pak)1, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is activated in mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation. By targeting an ectopic expression of a kinase-dead Pak1 mutant under the control of ovine β-lactoglobulin promoter, we found that the mammary glands of female mice expressing kinase-dead Pak1 transgene revealed incomplete lobuloalveolar development and impaired functional differentiation. The expression of whey acidic protein and β-casein and the amount of activated Stat5 in the nuclei of epithelial cells in transgenic mice were drastically reduced. Further analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that Pak1 stimulated β-casein promoter activity in normal mouse mammary epithelial cells and also cooperated with Stat5a. Pak1 directly interacted with and phosphorylated Stat5a at Ser 779, and both COOH-terminal deletion containing Ser 779 of Stat5a and the Ser 779 to Ala mutation completely prevented the ability of Pak1 to stimulate β-casein promoter. Mammary glands expressing inactive Pak1 exhibited a reduction of Stat5a Ser 779 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that Pak1 is required for alveolar morphogenesis and lactation function, and thus, identify novel functions of Pak1 in the mammary gland development.

scholarly journals Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5a Mediates Mammary Ductal Branching and Proliferation in the Nulliparous Mouse

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 2876-2885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Santos ◽  
Sandra Z. Haslam ◽  
Susan E. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Gland Development

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5a is a critical regulator of mammary gland development. Previous studies have focused on Stat5a’s role in the late pregnant and lactating gland, and although active Stat5a is detectable in mammary epithelial cells in virgin mice, little is known about its role during early mammary gland development. In this report, we compare mammary gland morphology in pubertal and adult nulliparous wild-type and Stat5a−/− mice. The Stat5a-null mammary glands exhibited defects in secondary and side branching, providing evidence that Stat5a regulates these processes. In addition, Stat5a−/− mammary glands displayed an attenuated proliferative response to pregnancy levels of estrogen plus progesterone (E+P), suggesting that it plays an important role in early pregnancy. Finally, we examined one potential mediator of Stat5a’s effects, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Stat5a−/− mammary glands were defective in inducing RANKL in response to E+P treatment. In addition, regulation of several reported RANKL targets, including inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2), cyclin D1, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1, was altered in Stat5a−/− mammary cells, suggesting that one or more of these proteins mediate the effects of Stat5a in E+P-treated mammary epithelial cells.

scholarly journals Chromosomal mapping and quantitative analysis of estrogen-related receptor alpha-1, estrogen receptors alpha and beta and progesterone receptor in the bovine mammary gland

2005 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
E E Connor ◽  
D L Wood ◽  
T S Sonstegard ◽  
A F da Mota ◽  
G L Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Receptor Alpha ◽  
Gland Development ◽  
Estrogen Related Receptor

Steroid receptors are key transcriptional regulators of mammary growth, development and lactation. Expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen-related receptor alpha-1 (ERRβ) have been evaluated in bovine mammary gland. The ERRα is an orphan receptor that, in other species and tissues, appears to function in the regulation of estrogen-response genes including lactoferrin and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and in mitochondrial biogenesis. Expression of ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα was characterized in mammary tissue obtained from multiple stages of bovine mammary gland development using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Expression was evaluated in prepubertal heifers, primigravid cows, lactating non-pregnant cows, lactating pregnant cows and non-lactating pregnant cows (n=4 to 9 animals/stage). In addition, ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα were mapped to chromosomes 9, 10, 15 and 29 respectively, by linkage and radiation hybrid mapping. Results indicated that expression of ERα, PR and ERRα was largely coordinately regulated and they were present in significant quantity during all physiological stages evaluated. In contrast, ERβ transcripts were present at a very low concentration during all stages. Furthermore, no ERβ protein could be detected in bovine mammary tissue by immunohistochemistry. The ERα and PR proteins were detected during all physiological states, including lactation. Our results demonstrate the presence of ERα, PR and ERRα during all physiological stages, and suggest a functional role for ERRα and a relative lack of a role for ERβ in bovine mammary gland development and lactation.

scholarly journals Abnormal Mammary Gland Development and Growth Retardation in Female Mice and MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells Lacking Androgen Receptor

2003 ◽  
Vol 198 (12) ◽  
pp. 1899-1908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyuan Yeh ◽  
Yueh-Chiang Hu ◽  
Peng-Hui Wang ◽  
Chao Xie ◽  
Qingquan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Gland Development

Phenotype analysis of female mice lacking androgen receptor (AR) deficient (AR−/−) indicates that the development of mammary glands is retarded with reduced ductal branching in the prepubertal stages, and fewer Cap cells in the terminal end buds, as well as decreased lobuloalveolar development in adult females, and fewer milk-producing alveoli in the lactating glands. The defective development of AR−/− mammary glands involves the defects of insulin-like growth factor I–insulin-like growth factor I receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals as well as estrogen receptor (ER) activity. Similar growth retardation and defects in growth factor–mediated Ras/Raf/MAPK cascade and ER signaling are also found in AR−/− MCF7 breast cancer cells. The restoration assays show that AR NH2-terminal/DNA-binding domain, but not the ligand-binding domain, is essential for normal MAPK function in MCF7 cells, and an AR mutant (R608K), found in male breast cancer, is associated with the excessive activation of MAPK. Together, our data provide the first in vivo evidence showing that AR-mediated MAPK and ER activation may play important roles for mammary gland development and MCF7 breast cancer cell proliferation.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Fish Oil on Mammary Gland Development and Milk Production of Holstein Cow

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoda Javaheri Barfourooshi ◽  
Armin Towhidi ◽  
Hassan Sadeghipanah ◽  
Mahdi Zhandi ◽  
Saeed Zeinoaldini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Gland Development

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding oil supplement on mammary gland development and milk production responses in Holstein cows. Ten multiparous Holstein cows (42.2±9.2 d before calving, 3.25±0.25 body condition score, and 620±35 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments were a diet with oil added as palm oil (PO; n=5), or fish oil (FO; n=5) given to cows until 63 d in milk. Milk yield was recorded daily, milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solid and somatic cell count) was measured weekly and fatty acid profiles of milk fat were determined at first and last week of the experiment. Samples of mammary tissue were obtained at 7 and 63 d in milk by biopsy gun. Tissue slides were analyzed by Image J software. Results showed that fish oil supplemented diet compared to the palm oil supplemented diet increased milk production after 6 weeks of lactation (P<0.05), content of polyunsaturated fatty acids milk fat (P<0.05) and docosahexaenoic acid (P<0.01). Moreover, n-6:n-3 ratio was decreased by fish oil supplement (P<0.05). Histological studies showed that FO increased the relative percentage of tissue area occupied by epithelial cells as well as a number of total alveoli in each microscopic field (P<0.05). Data suggested that feeding fish oil during the dry period and early lactation could improve development and function of the mammary gland in the dairy cow.

scholarly journals Establishment and characterization of mammary organoids from non-traditional model organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna P. Bartlett ◽  
Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
3D Matrix ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

ABSTRACTMammary organoid (MaO) models are only available for a few traditional model organisms, limiting our ability to investigate mammary gland development and cancer across the diverse taxa of mammals. For example, horses are mammals with a similar mammary anatomy and function as humans, but they have a remarkably low incidence of mammary cancer, making the development of MaOs in non-traditional model organisms attractive, particularly in comparative cancer research. This study established equine mammary organoids (EqMaOs) from mammary gland tissue fragments and evaluated parameters including diameter, budding, and growth stage in non-budding EqMaOs, in cultures with increasing concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a key growth factor implicated in mammary gland development. Our findings showed that EqMaO diameter is not influenced by EGF concentration, whereas number of EqMaOs with budding and stage in non-budding EqMaOs are positively influenced by increasing EGF concentration. EqMaOs also formed protrusions with putative functions, including organoid fusion and sensory functions. We further characterized EqMaOs by the presence of myoepithelial and luminal cells using immunohistochemistry and used the hormone prolactin to stimulate milk secretion, as illustrated by β-lactoglobulin expression, in these EqMaOs. Additionally, we showed that our method to establish MaOs is widely applicable to additional non-traditional mammalian model organisms such as cat, pig, deer, rabbit, and prairie vole. Collectively, MaO models across species will be a useful tool for comparative developmental and cancer studies.Summary statementMammary organoids can be established from various mammals by embedding mammary tissue fragments into a 3D matrix, providing a high-throughput, physiologically accurate model for comparative studies centered on mammary gland development and cancer.

Use of CAT scan to determine mammary gland development of sows injected with growth hormone releasing factor during gestation and (or) lactation

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Petitclerc and C. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Growth Hormone Releasing Factor ◽  
Parenchymal Tissue ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Cat Scan ◽  
Biochemical Measurements ◽  
Gland Development

Fifty-two Yorkshire × Landrace gilts were allotted to: (1) saline injections (CTL; n = 17) thrice daily during gestation (day 100 to parturition) and lactation (days 3 to 29); (2) s.c. injections of 12 mg of GRF (1-29)NH2 thrice daily from day 100 of gestation to parturition (GEST; n = 12); (3) s.c. injections of 12 mg of GRF thrice daily from days 3 to 29 of lactation (LACT; n = 11); and (4) s.c. injections of 12 mg of GRF thrice daily during gestation (day 100 to parturition) and lactation (days 3 to 29) (GEST-LACT; n = 12). All sows were slaughtered on day 30 of lactation and mammary glands were excised and stored frozen at -20°C. Mammary development was measured on half of the thawed mammary gland with CAT scanning, and standard dissection and previously published biochemical measurements of mammary development were used to assess the contralateral half; correlation analyses were used to compare the two approaches. Volume of parenchymal tissue of GEST-LACT sows was 19% smaller than that of sows subjected to other treatments (GEST × LACT interaction, P = 0.01). Total mammary gland volume (r = 0.68; P = 0.002) and extraparenchymal tissue volume (r = 0.77; P < 0.001) measured by CAT scanning were correlated with extraparenchymal tissue weight obtained by tissue dissection. However, none of the CAT scan measurements were correlated with parenchymal tissue weight (P > 0.1). In conclusion, exogenous GRF given to sows during lactation affected cell volume/differentiation of the mammary gland. For mammary gland assessment in lactating sows, the CAT scan technique accurately measured the weight and volume of extraparenchymal tissue but not parenchymal tissue mass. Key words: Sows, mammary gland, mammary development, CAT scan, growth hormone-releasing factor, lactation

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