Behavioural, health and cortisol responses of young calves to tail docking using a rubber ring or docking iron

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Tom ◽  
J. Rushen ◽  
I. J. H. Duncan ◽  
A. M. de Passillé
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rubber Ring ◽  
Ring Group ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Cortisol Responses

The acute responses of thirty-six 7- to 17-d-old Holstein calves to tail docking using a rubber ring or a hot docking iron were examined. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured on day 0 and day +1. Behaviour was examined on days –1, 0, +1, +2, and +5 after treatment. Milk intake, weight gain, body temperature and faeces scores were monitored. Rubber ring application caused an increase in tail grooming up to day +5 after treatment. Shorter standing and lying periods as well as higher frequencies of standing and lying on day 0 were seen in the rubber ring group. No significant differences in behaviour were observed between the control group and the docking iron group. No significant differences in plasma cortisol concentrations were found between any groups except for 60 min after treatment when the rubber ring group exhibited a significantly higher concentration than the control group. No differences in milk intake, weight gain, body temperature or faeces score were found. Tail docking with a rubber ring causes a more pronounced behavioural and physiological response than docking with a docking iron. However, long-term effects need to be investigated. Key words: Calves, tail docking, pain, behaviour, cortisol, stress

Cortisol and β-endorphin responses to physical and psychological stressors in lambs

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Mears ◽  
F. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Potential Use

Plasma cortisol, β-endorphin, T3 and T4 were determined in lambs before, during and after exposure to stress in order to evaluate the potential use of these hormones to objectively measure stress responses. Lambs were exposed to tail-docking, castration, weaning, isolation, and restraint stress. Twelve ewe and 24 ram lambs were assigned to the experiment, with 12 of the ram lambs surgically castrated when 3-wk old. Tail docking within 24 h of birth did not (P > 0.05) elevate either plasma cortisol or β-endorphin. Castration markedly elevated (P < 0.001) plasma cortisol and β-endorphin within 15 min of surgery. Both hormones were highly elevated for the first 4 h. Plasma cortisol returned to control levels by 24 h whereas β-endorphin was still elevated (P < 0.05) 24 h after castration. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated for the first 60 min following weaning (P < 0.005) and again at 24 h after dam removal (P < 0.001). Plasma β-endorphin was not elevated (P > 0.05) any time during the 72 h following weaning. Plasma cortisol (P < 0.001) and β-endorphin (P < 0.05) were elevated during the first 60 min following the start of 1 h of isolation. Results were similar for partial and total isolation. No effects of isolation were found for the next 23 h. Plasma cortisol (P < 0.005) was elevated during the first 30 min following 4 min of shearing-like restraint, whereas plasma β-endorphin was elevated only at 7 min (P < 0.05) after restraint began. No further effects of restraint were found prior to termination of sample collection at 24 h. None of the stressors employed affected plasma concentrations of T3 and T4. This study has shown that measurements of plasma cortisol and β-endorphin in blood samples obtained before, during and after stress are useful in assessing stress in lambs. The painful stressor, castration, induced marked and prolonged elevations of both hormones, whereas psychological stressors elicited graded, short-term cortisol responses and limited β-endorphin responses. Key words: Cortisol, β-endorphin, physical stress, psychological stress, lambs

scholarly journals Thermal, cardiorespiratory and cortisol responses of impala (Aepyceros melampus) to chemical immobilisation with 4 different drug combinations

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C.R. Meyer ◽  
R.S. Hetem ◽  
L.G. Fick ◽  
A. Matthee ◽  
D. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Drug Combinations ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Body Temperature Change ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Aepyceros Melampus

Thermometric data loggers were surgically implanted in 15 impala (Aepyceros melampus) to investigate the consequences of chemical capture. Impala were darted and chemically immobilised for 30 min with each of the following drug combinations: etorphine and azaperone; etorphine and medetomidine; thiafentanil and azaperone, and a thiafentanil medetomidine combination. During immobilisation, pulse oximeter readings, respiratory rhythm, the plane of immobilisation and plasma cortisol concentrations were measured and recorded. The impala developed an extremely high rise in body temperature, which peaked 20-30 min after reversal of the immobilisation. The magnitude of the rise in body temperature was similar for all the drug combinations (F=0.8, P=0.5), but the duration of the hyperthermia was shorter when the thiafentanil and azaperone combination was used(F=3.35, P<0.05). Changes in body temperature were related to the time that it took for ananimal to become recumbent after darting (r2 = 0.45, P = 0.006) and not to the effect of the drug combination on time to recumbency (r2 = 0.29, P = 0.46). The relationship between time to recumbency and body temperature change, and also to plasma cortisol concentration(r2=0.67,P=0.008), indicated that physiological consequences of capture were related to the duration of exposure to a stress or, and not to the pharmacology of the capture drugs. Although shorter time to recumbency in individuals resulted in the benefit of smaller stress responses and body temperature changes, those individuals were predisposed to developing hypoxia and possibly induction apnoea. When animals are chemically immobilised,reducing the thermal consequences of capture requires limiting the exposure of the animal to a psychological 'fright stress'.

Effect of Frequent Breast-Feeding on Early Milk Production and Infant Weight Gain

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoel De Carvalho ◽  
Steven Robertson ◽  
Arnold Friedman ◽  
Marshall Klaus
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infant Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Group

To investigate the effects of frequency and duration of breast-feeding on infants' milk intake and weight gain, two groups of mother-infant pairs were studied during the first month after delivery. Mothers in the control group (n = 24) nursed their infants on a 3- to 4-hour schedule. Those in the experimental group (n = 20) were encouraged to nurse frequently. During the first 14 postpartum days, all mothers recorded the length and time of each breast-feeding. On the 15th and on the 35th postpartum day, milk intake per feeding for 24 hours and infant weight gain from birth were measured. During the first 2 weeks after delivery, mothers in the experimental group nursed more frequently (9.9 v 7.3 feedings per 24 hours; P &lt;.0001). On day 15, their infants took more milk (725 v 502 mL/24 h; P &lt;.0002), and had gained more weight from birth (561 v 347 g; P &lt; .02). On day 35, although mothers in the experimental group were still nursing more frequently (9.8 v 6.8 feedings per 24 hours; P &lt;.01), milk intake and weight gain from birth were not significantly different.

The response of skin perfusion and of rheological and immunological variables to intravenous prostanoid administration in Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to collagenosis

VASA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drinda ◽  
Neumann ◽  
Pöhlmann ◽  
Vogelsang ◽  
Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Erythrocyte Aggregation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Background: Prostanoids are used in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon and acral perfusion disorders secondary to collagenosis. In subjective terms, intravenous administration of these agents produces success in more than 50% of patients. The therapeutic outcome of clinical administration of alprostadil or iloprost may vary from individual to individual. Patients and methods: The following variables were analysed in a cross-over study in 27 patients with collagenosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon: plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation (rheological variables), partial pressure of oxygen and laser Doppler flowmetry in the finger region, and lymphocyte phenotyping and interleukin (IL) determinations (immunological variables). Results: Laser Doppler flowmetry revealed significant differences between patients with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon and a control group of 25 healthy subjects. Laser Doppler readings did not change significantly as a result of the treatments. Therapy with iloprost produced a reduction in IL-1beta, L-selectin (CD 62 L) and IL-6. Conclusion: The change in immunological variables due to iloprost may explain the long-term effects of prostaglandins in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. From our results it is not possible to infer any preference for iloprost or alprostadil.

scholarly journals Predictive Markers of Early Cardiovascular Impairment and Insulin Resistance in Obese Pediatric Patients

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Laura Mihaela Trandafir ◽  
Elena Cojocaru ◽  
Mihaela Moscalu ◽  
Maria Magdalena Leon Constantin ◽  
Ingrith Miron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Homa Index ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

Background: The increased prevalence of obesity among children determined the rising number of its comorbidities in children and adults, too. This study aimed to evaluate certain markers of inflammation and insulin resistance in obese pediatric patients, identifying those who are more likely to develop further complications. Methods: We included 115 obese pediatric patients: 85 overweight and obese patients in the study group and 30 normal-weight patients in the control group. We calculated the body mass index (BMI) and we evaluated markers (biological, inflammatory) and the hormones profile. Results: Low-threshold inflammation was assessed by measuring interleukin 6 IL-6 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecules (ICAM). The analysis showed that IL-6 is significantly correlated with glucose (p = 0.001) and BMI value (p = 0.031). ICAM correlates significantly with triglycerides (p = 0.001), glucose (p = 0.044) and BMI percentile (p = 0.037). For pediatric obese patients, endotoxemia has been significantly correlated only with BMI percentile (p = 0.001). Plasma cortisol did not show significant correlations with total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose or BMI percentile. The results indicated a significant predictive power of BMI percentile on inflammatory markers: IL-6 (AUC = 0.803, p < 0.001), ICAM (AUC = 0.806, p < 0.001) and endotoxemia (AUC = 0.762, p = 0.019). Additionally, BMI percentile has a significant predictive power for metabolic markers of insulin resistance (insulin value: AUC = 0.72, p < 0.001 and HOMA index: AUC = 0.68, p = 0.003). Conclusions: The study highlighted the importance of early markers of cardiovascular risk in obese pediatric patients represented by IL-6, ICAM, endotoxemia and their correlation with metabolic markers of insulin resistance represented by insulinemia, HOMA index and plasma cortisol. It can clearly be considered that the BMI percentile has significant predictive power for metabolic markers of insulin resistance.

scholarly journals A Clinical Study of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Combined With Autologous High-Density Fat Transplantation in Augmentation Rhinoplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132110169
Author(s):  
Dan Yan ◽  
Shuai-Hua Li ◽  
An-Li Zhang ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Ze-Chun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Retention Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
High Density ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Transplantation ◽  
Augmentation Rhinoplasty ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Autologous Fat

Objective: This study was designed to analyze the clinical effect of autologous fat-granule transplantation in augmentation rhinoplasty and explore methods to improve the fat retention rate. Methods: A total of 70 enrolled patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: the platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) combined with high-density fat transplantation group (combined group) and the conventional fat-granule transplantation group (control group; n = 35 in each group). In the combined group, an appropriate amount of autologous fat was extracted and centrifuged, and the lower layer of high-density fat was taken and mixed with PRF isolated from whole blood for autotransplantation. In the control group, only fat was extracted and centrifuged for transplantation. The patients were followed up with for more than one year to observe the short- and long-term effects, complications, safety, and patient satisfaction. Results: Six months after the operation, the nasal shape was stable, the contour was higher and more stereoscopic than before, the average increase of nasal height was 3.0 mm in the combined group and 2.0 mm in the control group. No complications, such as fat embolism, infection, or necrosis occurred during the 1-year follow-up. The satisfaction rate between the 2 groups has statistical significance ( P < .05). Conclusion: Overall, PRF combined with autologous high-density fat transplantation is simple to perform, has a significantly increased fat-retention rate than the control group, and has stable long-term effects without obvious adverse reactions. A sufficient amount of fat and PRF transplantation can achieve a good orthopedic effect. Thus, this method can be widely used in clinical augmentation rhinoplasty.

scholarly journals Antibiotics at birth and later antibiotic courses: effects on gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Ainonen ◽  
Mysore V Tejesvi ◽  
Md. Rayhan Mahmud ◽  
Niko Paalanne ◽  
Tytti Pokka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Type ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Courses ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is widely used, but the evidence of the long-term effects on the gut microbiota and subsequent health of children is limited. Here, we compared the impacts of perinatal antibiotic exposure and later courses of antibiotic courses on gut microbiota. Methods This was a prospective, controlled cohort study among 100 vaginally delivered infants with different perinatal antibiotic exposures: control (27), IAP (27), postnatal antibiotics (24), and IAP and postnatal antibiotics (22). At 1 year of age, we performed next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of fecal samples. Results Exposure to the perinatal antibiotics had a clear impact on the gut microbiota. The abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly higher in the control group, whereas the relative abundance of Escherichia coli was significantly lower in the control group. The impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than exposure to later courses of antibiotics (28% of participants). Conclusions Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the gut microbiota at the age of 1 year. The timing of the antibiotic exposure appears to be the critical factor for the changes observed in the gut microbiota. Impact Infants are commonly exposed to IAP and postnatal antibiotics, and later to courses of antibiotics during the first year of life. Perinatal antibiotics have been associated with an altered gut microbiota during the first months of life, whereas the evidence regarding the long-term impact is more limited. Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the infant’s gut microbiota at 1 year of age. Impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than that of the later courses of antibiotics at the age of 1 year.

scholarly journals Effects of Open-Label Placebos on State Anxiety and Glucocorticoid Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Michael Schaefer ◽  
Julian Hellmann-Regen ◽  
Sören Enge
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Negative Feelings

Stress belongs to the most frequent negative feelings people are confronted with in daily life. Strategies against acute stress include, e.g., relaxation techniques or medications, but it is also known that placebos can successfully reduce negative emotional stress. While it is widely held that placebos require deception to provoke a response, recent studies demonstrate intriguing evidence that placebos may work even without concealment (e.g., against anxiety or pain). Most of these studies are based on self-report questionnaires and do not include physiological measures. Here we report results of a study examining whether placebos without deception reduce acute stress. A total of 53 healthy individuals received either placebos without deception or no pills before participating in a laboratory stress test (Maastricht Acute Stress Test, MAST). We recorded self-report stress measures and cortisol responses before and after the MAST. Results showed no significant differences between the placebo and the control group, but when comparing participants with high relative to low beliefs in the power of placebos we found significant lower anxiety and cortisol responses for the placebo believers. These results show that non-deceptive placebos may successfully reduce acute anxiety and stress, but only in participants who had a strong belief in placebos. We discuss the results by suggesting that open-label placebos might be a possible treatment to reduce stress at least for some individuals.

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