scholarly journals Prescription Opioid Usage and Abuse Relationships: An Evaluation of State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Efficacy

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. SART.S2345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Reisman ◽  
Pareen J. Shenoy ◽  
Adam J. Atherly ◽  
Christopher R. Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

Context The dramatic rise in the use of prescription opioids to treat non-cancer pain has been paralleled by increasing prescription opioid abuse. However, detailed analyses of these trends and programs to address them are lacking. Objective To study the association between state shipments of prescription opioids for medical use and prescription opioid abuse admissions and to assess the effects of state prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) on prescription opioid abuse admissions. Design and Setting A retrospective ecological cohort study comparing state prescription opioid shipments (source: Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders Systems database) and inpatient admissions for prescription opioid abuse (source: Treatment Episode Data Set) in 14 states with PDMPs (intervention group) and 36 states without PDMPs (control group) for the period 1997–2003. Results From 1997 to 2003, oxycodone, morphine, and hydrocodone shipments increased by 479%, 100%, and 148% respectively. Increasing prescription oxycodone shipments were significantly associated with increasing prescription opioid admission rates (p < 0.001). PDMP states had significantly lower oxycodone shipments than the control group. PDMP states had less increase in prescription opioid admissions per year (p = 0.063). A patient admitted to an inpatient drug abuse rehabilitation program in a PDMP state was less likely to be admitted for prescription opioid drug abuse (Odds ratio = 0.775, 95% Confidence Interval 0.764–0.785). Conclusions PDMPs appear to decrease the quantity of oxycodone shipments and the prescription opioid admission rate for states with these programs. Overall, opioid shipments rose significantly in PDMP states during the study period indicating a negligible “chilling effect” on physician prescribing.

A Review on Prescription Drug Monitoring Program

2021 ◽  
pp. 265-268
Author(s):  
Someshwar D. Mankar ◽  
Abhijit S. Navale ◽  
Suraj R. Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

Nowadays Prescription Opioid Abuse has become a serious problem, to monitor and reduce Opioid Abuse most of countries developed Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP). Regarding to this we conduct a systematic review to understanding the PDMP impact in order to reduce Opioid Abuse and improving prescriber practices. This review can help to guide efforts to better response to the Opioid crises.

Prescription opioid abuse among drug-involved street-based sex workers

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary L. Surratt, PhD ◽  
James A. Inciardi, PhD ◽  
Steven P.q Kurtz, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drug Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Hiv Intervention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

National population surveys and individual studies over the past decade have documented the escalating abuse of a variety of prescription medications, particularly prescription opioids. Although surveillance data provide important information for estimating the prevalence of prescription opioid abuse in the general population, studies documenting the patterns of prescription drug abuse among chronic street-drug-using populations are extremely rare. This paper examines the abuse of prescription opioids among drug-involved street-based sex workers in Miami, Florida. The data for this study were drawn from an ongoing HIV intervention trial initiated in 2001, designed to test the relative effectiveness of two alternative HIV prevention protocols for this population. Participants in the study were recruited through traditional targeted sampling strategies, and complete data are available on 588 street-based sex workers. In terms of prescription drug abuse, 12.2 percent of the sample reported using at least one opioid analgesic in the past 90 days without having a legitimate prescription. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between prescription opioid abuse and its predictors. In the multivariate model, factors positively associated with prescription opioid abuse included: Caucasian race (OR = 2.53; 95 percent CI 1.30 to 4.91), current powder cocaine use (OR = 2.28; 95 percent CI 1.28 to 4.08), current heroin use (OR = 2.08; 95 percent CI 1.10 to 3.92), 90-day physical abuse/victimization (OR = 2.07; 95 percent CI 1.18 to 3.61), and shorter sex-work involvement (OR = 1.98; 95 percent CI 1.13 to 3.48). In contrast, daily crack smoking was negatively associated with prescription opioid abuse (OR = 0.61; 95 percent CI 0.33 to 1.10). This study provides some of the first empirical evidence to indicate that prescription opioid abuse is emerging in a heretofore unstudied community of marginalized drug-using sex workers. In addition, data on this population’s mechanisms of access to prescription opioids clearly suggest that there is an active black market for these drugs. These findings warrant intensive study to determine the relative contribution of each mechanism of diversion to the illicit market.

Self-reports of prescription opioid abuse and diversion among recreational opioid users in a Canadian and a United States city

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Setnik, PhD ◽  
Carl L. Roland, PharmD, MS ◽  
Veeraindar Goli, MD ◽  
Glenn C. Pixton, MS ◽  
Naama Levy-Cooperman, PhD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Salt Lake City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
The Us ◽  
Opioid Users ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

Objective: To explore behaviors related to prescription opioid abuse and diversion in individuals who self-reported past recreational (nonmedical) opioid use.Design: A questionnaire was developed and included in two abuse potential clinical studies conducted in Canada (Toronto, ON, August 2010 to January, 2011) and the United States (Salt Lake City, UT, February-May 2011).Participants: Recreational opioid users.Main outcome measure(s): Self-reported behaviors related to prescription opioid abuse and diversion.Results: The questionnaire was completed by 174 participants in the Canadian study and 80 participants in the US study. Most participants reported that they used prescription opioids for nonmedical purposes a few times a month. Most had taken their first prescription opioid between the ages of 12 and 24 years and the two most common reasons were to treat pain or to feel high/stoned. When asked about specific opioids taken for nonmedical purposes in the past year, oxycodone, acetaminophen with codeine, and morphine were commonly used by both cohorts, whereas hydrocodone use was substantially greater in the US cohort versus the Canadian cohort. Participants reported various tampering methods and routes of administration, with swallowed whole, crushed and snorted, and chewed/crushed and swallowed as the most prevalent. Most participants indicated taking other drugs with prescription opioids to get high, most commonly marijuana and alcohol. The most common sources for obtaining prescription opioids were family/friends. Conclusions: Two cohorts of recreational opioid users from Canada and the United States reported similar experiences with various prescription opioids and indicated a predominance of diversion from family/friends.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Prescribed and Illicit Opioids to Fatal Overdoses in Massachusetts, 2013-2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Y. Walley ◽  
Dana Bernson ◽  
Marc R. Larochelle ◽  
Traci C. Green ◽  
Leonard Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Medical Examiner ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Opioid Prescription ◽  
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program ◽  
Opioid Medications

Objectives: Opioid-related overdoses are commonly attributed to prescription opioids. We examined data on opioid-related overdose decedents in Massachusetts. For each decedent, we determined which opioid medications had been prescribed and dispensed and which opioids were detected in postmortem medical examiner toxicology specimens. Methods: Among opioid-related overdose decedents in Massachusetts during 2013-2015, we analyzed individually linked postmortem opioid toxicology reports and prescription drug monitoring program records to determine instances of overdose in which a decedent had a prescription active on the date of death for the opioid(s) detected in the toxicology report. We also calculated the proportion of overdoses for which prescribed opioid medications were not detected in decedents’ toxicology reports. Results: Of 2916 decedents with complete toxicology reports, 1789 (61.4%) had heroin and 1322 (45.3%) had fentanyl detected in postmortem toxicology reports. Of the 491 (16.8%) decedents with ≥1 opioid prescription active on the date of death, prescribed opioids were commonly not detected in toxicology reports, specifically: buprenorphine (56 of 97; 57.7%), oxycodone (93 of 176; 52.8%), and methadone prescribed for opioid use disorder (36 of 112; 32.1%). Only 39 (1.3%) decedents had an active prescription for each opioid detected in toxicology reports on the date of death. Conclusion: Linking overdose toxicology reports to prescription drug monitoring program records can help attribute overdoses to prescribed opioids, diverted prescription opioids, heroin, and illicitly made fentanyl.

scholarly journals Roles of Pharmacy Technicians in Preventing Prescription Drug Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 211-217
Author(s):  
Regann Geise ◽  
Mary F. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Prescription Drug Abuse ◽  
Pharmacy Data ◽  
Pharmacy Technicians ◽  
Administrative Code

Objective: To provide and identify potential roles and strategies for pharmacy technicians to identify and prevent drug abuse within the pharmacy. Data Sources: Related materials were searched via PubMed and Google Scholar from 2000 to present using search terms: “pharmacy,” “technicians,” “prescription,” “drug,” and “abuse.” Articles describing statistics, warning signs, and prevention strategies for pharmacies were identified through databases and organizations’ sites. Portions of the Ohio Administrative Code on OARRS (Ohio Automated Rx Reporting System), and Pennsylvania prescription drug monitoring program information were also identified. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relevant sections of the Ohio Administrative Code and OARRS were identified through the Ohio Board of Pharmacy website. Information regarding the Pennsylvania Prescription Drug Monitoring was identified via Pennsylvania’s Department of Health website. Sections of the Combat Methamphetamine Act of 2005 were identified through the Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion website. Resources on drug abuse and prevention statistics were obtained from Drug Abuse.gov and American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Information regarding warning signs were identified from the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Data Synthesis: The data provided for identification of potential roles for technicians within efforts to prevent prescription drug abuse, including evaluation of warning signs, involvement in the use of prescription monitoring programs, and in efforts to prevent methamphetamine abuse and diversion. Conclusions: After identifying potential roles for pharmacy technician involvement in the prevention of prescription drug abuse, it is evident that there is a need for further education and training on the subject specific to pharmacy technicians.

scholarly journals Preparing a prescription drug monitoring program data set for research purposes

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 993-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole O'Kane ◽  
Sara E. Hallvik ◽  
Miguel Marino ◽  
Joshua Van Otterloo ◽  
Christi Hildebran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program ◽  
Program Data

scholarly journals Doctor Shopping Reveals Geographical Variations in Opioid Abuse

2013 ◽  
Vol 1;16 (1;1) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Joëlle Micallef
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Oral Morphine ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Moderate Pain ◽  
Doctor Shopping ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Reimbursement Database

Background: Prescription opioid abuse is not homogeneous due to varying patterns of use and different geographic preferences. Because doctor shopping is one of the main sources of diversion, it has previously been used to estimate drug abuse. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe and compare opioid abuse in 2008 using doctor shopping to estimate abuse in 3 French regions. Setting: Data for this study came from the General Health Insurance (GHI) reimbursement database, which covers 77% of the French population. All individuals living in ProvenceAlpes-Côte d’Azur-Corse (PACA), Rhône-Alpes (RA), or Midi-Pyrénées (MP) that received at least one reimbursement for oral opioids from the GHI in 2008 were included. Methods: Oral opioids under study were opioids for mild to moderate pain (dextropropoxyphene, codeine, tramadol, dihydrocodeine), opoids for moderately severe to severe pain (oral morphine, oxycodone, buprenorphine painkiller, hydromorphone), and opioid maintenance treatments (buprenorphine maintenance, methadone). For a given opioid, the Doctor Shopping Quantity (DSQ) is the quantity obtained by overlapping prescriptions from several prescribers. It is used to estimate the magnitude of abuse. The Doctor Shopping Indicator (DSI) is the DSQ divided by the total dispensed quantity. It is used to estimate the abuse corrected for use. Results: The total DSQ for opioids in PACA (213.3 DDD/1,000 inhabitants) was twofold superior to that in RA (115.1 DDD/1,000) and in MP (106.2 DDD/1,000). The DSQ of opioids for mild to moderate pain was 75.5DDD/1000 (DSI=1.1%), 19.7DDD/1,000 (DSI=5.0%) for opioids for moderately severe to severe pain, and 55.3DDD/1,000 (DSI=6.2%) for opioid maintenance treatments. Emergent signals of abuse have been observed at a regional level for oxycodone in MP and dihydrocodeine in RA and MP. Limitations: The main limitation of this study is that the GHI reimbursement database provides information about dispensed and reimbursed prescription drugs, and not necessarily the actual quantity used. Conclusion: These results confirm important variations in the 3 French regions despite them being geographically close. Besides, they highlight different rates of opioid abuse between opioids for mild to moderate pain, opioids for moderately severe to severe pain, and opioid maintenance treatments, as well as differences within these groups. Key words: Prescription drug abuse, Opioid abuse, Prescription opioid analgesics, opioids for mild to moderate pain , Opioids for moderately severe to severe pain, Opioid maintenance treatments, Prescription drug database, Doctor shopping

scholarly journals Impact of prescription drug monitoring program mandate on postoperative opioid prescriptions in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Theodorou ◽  
Jordan E. Jackson ◽  
Ganesh Rajasekar ◽  
Miriam Nuño ◽  
Kaeli J. Yamashiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Opioid Prescription ◽  
Series Analysis

Abstract Purpose Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) have been established to combat the opioid epidemic, but there is no data on their efficacy in children. We hypothesized that a statewide PDMP mandate would be associated with fewer opioid prescriptions in pediatric surgical patients. Methods Patients < 18 undergoing inguinal hernia repair, orchiopexy, orchiectomy, appendectomy, or cholecystectomy at a tertiary children’s hospital were included. The primary outcome, discharge opioid prescription, was compared for 10 months pre-PDMP (n = 158) to 10 months post-PDMP (n = 228). Interrupted time series analysis was performed to determine the effect of the PDMP on opioid prescribing. Results Over the 20-month study period, there was an overall decrease in the rate of opioid prescriptions per month (− 3.6% change, p < 0.001). On interrupted time series analysis, PDMP implementation was not associated with a significant decrease in the monthly rate of opioid prescriptions (1.27% change post-PDMP, p = 0.4). However, PDMP implementation was associated with a reduction in opioid prescriptions of greater than 5 days’ supply (− 2.7% per month, p = 0.03). Conclusion Opioid prescriptions declined in pediatric surgical patients over the study time period. State-wide PDMP implementation was associated with a reduction in postoperative opioid prescriptions of more than 5 days’ duration.

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