scholarly journals Tumorigenic Effects of Tamoxifen on the Female Genital Tract

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. CPath.S487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaei Nasu ◽  
Noriyuki Takai ◽  
Masakazu Nishida ◽  
Hisashi Narahara
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Tamoxifen Treatment ◽  
Endocrine Treatment ◽  
Gynecological Examination ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Female Genital

Tamoxifen is widely used for endocrine treatment and breast cancer prevention. It acts as both an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue and an estrogen agonist in the female lower genital tract. Tamoxifen causes severe gynecologic side effects, such as endometrial cancer. This review focuses on the effects of prolonged tamoxifen treatment on the human female genital tract and considers its tumorigenicity in the gynecologic organs through clinical data analysis. Tamoxifen is associated with an increased incidence of benign endometrial lesions such as polyps and hyperplasia and a two- to four-fold increased risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal patients. Moreover, the incidence of functional ovarian cysts is significantly high in premenopausal tamoxifen users. To prevent tamoxifen from having severe side effects in gynecologic organs, frequent gynecological examination should be performed for both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with breast cancer who are treated with this drug.

scholarly journals Vaginal, Cervical and Uterine pH in Women with Normal and Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Malene Risager Lykke ◽  
Naja Becher ◽  
Thor Haahr ◽  
Ebbe Boedtkjer ◽  
Jørgen Skov Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Ph Gradient ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Female Genital

Introduction: Healthy women of reproductive age have a vaginal pH around 4.5, whereas little is known about pH in the upper genital tract. A shift in the vaginal microbiota may result in an elevated pH in the upper genital tract. This might contribute to decreased fertility and increased risk of preterm birth. Therefore, we aimed to measure pH in different compartments of the female genital tract in both nonpregnant and pregnant women, stratifying into a normal and abnormal vaginal microbiota. Material and methods: In this descriptive study, we included 6 nonpregnant, 12 early-pregnant, and 8 term-pregnant women. A pH gradient was recorded with a flexible pH probe. An abnormal vaginal microbiota was diagnosed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique for Atopobium vaginae; Sneathia sanguinegens; Leptotrichia amnionii; bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 1, 2, 3, and TM7; and Prevotella spp. among others. Results: In all participants we found the pH gradient in the lower reproductive canal to be most acidic in the lower vagina and most alkaline in the upper uterine cavity. Women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota had an increased pH in the lower vagina compared to the other groups. Conclusions: There is a pronounced pH gradient within the female genital tract. This gradient is not disrupted in women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota.

scholarly journals Controversies in the Management of Endometrial Carcinoma: An Update

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed K. Mehasseb ◽  
John A. Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Endometrial Carcinoma ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Female Genital

Endometrial carcinoma is the commonest type of female genital tract malignancy in the developed countries. Endometrial carcinoma is usually confined to the uterus at the time of diagnosis and as such usually carries an excellent prognosis with high curability. Our understanding and management of endometrial cancer have continuously developed. Current controversies focus on screening and early detection, the extent of nodal surgery, and the changing roles of radiation therapy and chemotherapy and will be discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals High Expression of Ecto-Nucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in Human Endometrial Tumors

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabet Aliagas ◽  
August Vidal ◽  
Laura Texidó ◽  
Jordi Ponce ◽  
Enric Condom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Tumor Grade ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Serous Tumors ◽  
Female Genital

One of the strategies used by tumors to evade immunosurveillance is the accumulation of extracellular adenosine, which has immunosupressive and tumor promoting effects. The study of the mechanisms leading to adenosine formation at the tumor interstitium are therefore of great interest in oncology. The dominant pathway generating extracellular adenosine in tumors is the dephosphorylation of ATP by ecto-nucleotidases. Two of these enzymes acting sequentially, CD39 and CD73, efficiently hydrolyze extracellular ATP to adenosine. They have been found to play a crucial role in a variety of tumors, but there were no data concerning endometrial cancer, the most frequent of the invasive tumors of the female genital tract. The aim of the present work is to study the expression of CD39 and CD73 in human endometrial cancer. We have analyzed protein and gene expression, as well as enzyme activity, in type I endometrioid adenocarcinomas and type II serous adenocarcinomas and their nonpathological endometrial counterparts. High levels of both enzymes were found in tumor samples, with significantly increased expression of CD39 in type II serous tumors, which also coincided with the higher tumor grade. Our results reinforce the involvement of the adenosinergic system in cancer, emphasizing the relevance of ecto-nucleotidases as emerging therapeutic targets in oncology.

scholarly journals Use of lubricants to correct sexual dysfunction in women

2021 ◽  
pp. 566-570
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Oboskalova ◽  
◽  
Anna V. Vorontsova ◽  
Maksim A. Zvychaynyy ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Female Genital

A literature review focuses on the use of lubricants in women for sexual dysfunction. The use of lubricants is intended to prevent trauma to the lining of the vagina during intercourse and to facilitate the insertion of pessaries. Along with substances that optimize the action of lubricants, they include a number of compounds that can cause negative reaction mechanisms and aggravate existing discomfort. In addition, an increased pH of the lubricant can have a cytotoxic effect on the epithelium of the female genital tract. Unfortunately, the awareness of obstetricians and gynecologists about the properties and range of lubricants is insufficient. Therefore, knowledge of the initial state of a woman, the reasons for the development of sexual dysfunction, the nature of contraception, and no less important, the structure of the composition of the lubricant will competently make it possible to select the optimal means to improve the quality of sexual contacts without developing side effects and improving the condition of a woman.

scholarly journals Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and the Vaginal Microbiome as Modifiers of Tenofovir Diphosphate and Lamivudine Triphosphate Concentrations in the Female Genital Tract of Ugandan Women: Implications for Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Lamivudine in Preexposure Prophylaxis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1717-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie R Nicol ◽  
Prosperity Eneh ◽  
Rita Nakalega ◽  
Thomas Kaiser ◽  
Samuel Kabwigu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Tenofovir Diphosphate ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background Effective concentrations of antiretrovirals in the female genital tract (FGT) are critical for suppression of viral shedding or effective preexposure prophylaxis. The disposition of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) in the FGT have been previously described. Despite widespread use, however, lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP) exposure in the FGT is unknown. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and vaginal dysbiosis have been implicated in increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, but whether they alter TFV-DP or 3TC-TP exposure, and therefore compromise prevention efficacy, is unknown. Methods Fifty premenopausal women living with HIV in Kampala, Uganda, and receiving daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine were recruited. Ectocervical biopsies were obtained for quantification of TFV-DP and 3TC-TP using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from vaginal swabs. Wilcoxon rank-sum was used to test for differences between contraceptive groups. Results 3TC-TP concentrations were on average 17-fold greater than TFV-DP concentrations in cervical tissues. TFV-DP concentrations in cervical biopsies were 76% greater in DMPA users compared with women using nonhormonal contraception (n = 23 per group). Abundance of Lactobacillus in vaginal swabs was correlated with 3TC-TP concentrations in cervical tissues. Conclusions We found that TFV-DP concentrations were significantly greater in DMPA users compared with women using nonhormonal contraception, suggesting that prevention efficacy is unlikely to be compromised by DMPA use. Similar to reports of FTC-TP, 3TC-TP exposure was significantly greater than TFV-DP in cervical tissue and was correlated with abundance of Lactobacillus. These data support lamivudine as an option for preexposure prophylaxis. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03377608.

scholarly journals Breech at the Border: An Atypical Case of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae in a Patient on a Novel Immunotherapeutic

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Howard-Anderson ◽  
Sarah W Satola ◽  
Matthew H Collins
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Immunomodulatory Treatment ◽  
Atypical Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Haemophilus influenzae rarely causes pyogenic infections in the female genital tract, and even less commonly does this lead to systemic infections. Novel monoclonal antibody therapies targeting interleukin-17 may impair mucosal immunity, but increased risk for H. influenzae infections has not been documented. Here, we describe a case of H. influenzae bacteremia associated with pyosalpinx and hypothesize that immunomodulatory treatment for psoriasis predisposed our patient to this infection.

scholarly journals Malignant Tumors of the Female Genital Tract – a Hospital Based Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
R Joshi ◽  
G Baral ◽  
K Malla
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Corpus Uteri ◽  
Female Genital

Aims: The incidence of cancer and the cancer related deaths are increasing worldwide. There is limited data regarding  gynecological cancers in Nepal. This study is conducted to analyze the trends of female genital tract malignancies in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital (PMWH) and compare it with the national/international data.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Pathology in PMWH.  All female diagnosed with the genital tract malignancies from July 2013 to July 2015 were included in the study.Results: Among 62 cases, cervical cancer was the commonest (71%) followed by ovarian cancer (14%), endometrial cancer (8%) and choriocarcinoma (3%). Majority of women belonged to 50-59 years for each type of tumors. Four-fifth of endometrial, half of the cervical and one-third of ovarian cancers were among grand-multipara. Sixty nine percent of women received treatment with 22 (9 cervical, 9 ovarian, 3 endometrial and one of corpus uteri)  surgical and 21 primary chemo/radiotherapy but 19 (31%) were lost for follow-up. Squamous type of cervical cancer was the commonest (93%).Conclusions: Cervical cancer was the commonest genital tract malignancy followed by ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and choriocarcinoma. For each type of tumors, 50-59 years was the common age group and grand multiparity was seen in half of the women with the cervical cancer. Squamous type of cervical cancer was the commonest variety.  

Metástase de carcinoma de sítio primário de mama para o trato genital feminino: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuelle Fick Bohm ◽  
Ernesto de Paula Guedes Neto
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Cáncer De Mama ◽  
De Re ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Female Genital

Introdução: Os sítios mais comuns de metástases de câncer de mama são pulmões, ossos, fígado e cérebro. Sítios menos comuns incluem trato gastrointestinal, pâncreas, baço, tireoide, adrenais, rins, coração e trato genital feminino (TGF). As metástases no TGF de sítios primários distantes são incomuns, mas quando se apresentam, tendem a estar envolvidas com os ovários ou o endométrio. O relato deste estudo retrata a ocorrência de neoplasia maligna metastática paratubária em paciente com carcinoma primário de mama. Objetivos: Relatar o caso de uma paciente com metástase de carcinoma de sítio primário de mama para o TGF e revisar na literatura disponível tal ocorrência. Material e Métodos: As informações do caso foram obtidas a partir da revisão de prontuário, registro fotográfico diagnóstico da paciente e revisão de literatura. A revisão foi realizada na base de dados do PubMed, em estudos publicados nos últimos 20 anos (2000‒2020), com os termos “breast cancer” AND “metastasis” AND “female genital tract”. Os artigos selecionados foram estudos meta-analíticos, casos clínicos e revisões na língua inglesa. Resultados e Conclusão: Paciente, sexo feminino, 70 anos, G1P1. Há 20 anos submetida à mastectomia esquerda apresentando carcinoma ductal invasor (CDI), com RE e RP positivo e Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor-type 2 (HER2) negativo. Realizou histerectomia com anexotomia profilática com diagnóstico de neoplasia maligna metastática em tuba esquerda com 1:1 cm no maior eixo. Exame imuno-histoquímico apresentando GATA3 negativo, CK7, Mamoglobina, PAX8, RP e RE positivos. Exames laboratoriais e de imagem pré-operatórios negativos para neoplasia. O CDI é o tipo mais comum de câncer de mama invasivo, seguido pelo carcinoma lobular invasivo (CLI). Contudo, metástases para o TGF são mais frequentemente associadas ao CLI do que ao CDI. Estima-se que mais de 80% dos cânceres de mama que metastatizam para o TGF são CLI. Um estudo realizado em mulheres com metástase ginecológica (n=54) demonstrou que 42,6% tinham câncer de mama correspondente a CLI; 48,1%, carcinoma invasor sem tipo específico; e 9,3%, outros. Além disso, o estudo revelou que os sítios de metástases ginecológicas mais envolvidos foram os ovários, seguido das tubas e do útero. A respeito da expressão de biomarcadores de tumores primários que se espalharam para sítios ginecológicos, 93,5% expressou RE positivo; 65,7%, RP positivo; e 0%, HER2 positivo. Uma avaliação de 13 casos mostrou que, enquanto a expressão de RE e FOXA1 foi mantida ou aumentada durante a progressão para órgãos ginecológicos, a expressão de proteínas acessórias envolvidas com a regulação hormonal diminuiu. Conforme o aumento do tumor, as células que expressam RP, RA e GATA3 em metástases distantes diminuíram em 69,2, 38,5 e 46% dos casos, respectivamente. O relato em questão confirma os resultados obtidos nos estudos, já que apresenta semelhança na expressão gênica de carcinomas primários de mama com metástase para o TGF. No entanto, apresenta um histotipo incomum para metástases ginecológicas.

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