scholarly journals Modulation of Immune Responses by Exosomes Derived from Antigen-Presenting Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 9s1 ◽  
pp. CPath.S39925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Botros B. Shenoda ◽  
Seena K. Ajit
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Peptide Complexes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Exosome-mediated signaling is important in mediating the inflammatory response. To exert their biological or pathophysiological functions in the recipient cells, exosomes deliver a diverse array of biomacromolecules including long and short coding and non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes secreted by antigen-presenting cells can confer therapeutic benefits by attenuating or stimulating the immune response. Exosomes play a crucial role in carrying and presenting functional major histocompatibility peptide complexes to modulate antigen-specific T cell responses. Exosomes from Dendritic Cells (DCs) can activate T and B cells and have been explored for their immunostimulatory properties in cancer therapy. The immunosuppressive properties of exosomes derived from macrophages and DCs can reduce inflammation in animal models for several inflammatory disorders. This review focuses on the protective role of exosomes in attenuating inflammation or augmenting immune response, emphasizing studies on exosomes derived from DCs and macrophages.

The role of antigen-presenting cells in the regulation of allergen-specific T cell responses

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martien L Kapsenberg ◽  
Catherien MU Hilkens ◽  
Eddy A Wierenga ◽  
Pawel Kalinski
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting

scholarly journals Killer artificial antigen-presenting cells: a novel strategy to delete specific T cells

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 3546-3552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schütz ◽  
Martin Fleck ◽  
Andreas Mackensen ◽  
Alessia Zoso ◽  
Dagmar Halbritter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fas Ligand ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Abstract Several cell-based immunotherapy strategies have been developed to specifically modulate T cell–mediated immune responses. These methods frequently rely on the utilization of tolerogenic cell–based antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, APCs are highly sensitive to cytotoxic T-cell responses, thus limiting their therapeutic capacity. Here, we describe a novel bead-based approach to modulate T-cell responses in an antigen-specific fashion. We have generated killer artificial APCs (κaAPCs) by coupling an apoptosis-inducing α-Fas (CD95) IgM mAb together with HLA-A2 Ig molecules onto beads. These κaAPCs deplete targeted antigen-specific T cells in a Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)–dependent fashion. T-cell depletion in cocultures is rapidly initiated (30 minutes), dependent on the amount of κaAPCs and independent of activation-induced cell death (AICD). κaAPCs represent a novel technology that can control T cell–mediated immune responses, and therefore has potential for use in treatment of autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Tetramer Technology: An Evaluation

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Constantin ◽  
Elizabeth E. Bonney ◽  
John D. Altman ◽  
Ora L. Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Cell Assays ◽  
Mhc Tetramers ◽  
Peptide Complexes

Single-cell assays are currently favored to quantitate T-cell responses. Staining antigen-specific T-cells with fluorescently labeled tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide complexes has greatly enhanced the ability to assess the cellular dynamics of an immune response at the single-cell level.This article reviews MHC tetramer technology, defining it, discussing how MHC tetramers are made, outlining the benefits of this technology, comparing and contrasting it to other methods for evaluating immune responses, and describing current applications.

scholarly journals Could Antigen Presenting Cells Represent a Protective Element during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children?

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Rita Lauro ◽  
Natasha Irrera ◽  
Ali H. Eid ◽  
Alessandra Bitto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Immune Responsiveness ◽  
Protective Element ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Two Populations

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) are immune cells that recognize, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes. APCs are among the earliest immune responders against an antigen. Thus, in patients with COVID-19, a disease caused by the newly reported SARS-CoV-2 virus, the role of APCs becomes increasingly important. In this paper, we dissect the role of these cells in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, this virus appears to cause a higher mortality among adults than children. This may suggest that the immune system, particularly APCs, of children may be different from that of adults, which may then explain differences in immune responses between these two populations, evident as different pathological outcome. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that differentiate juvenile from other APCs are not well understood. Whether juvenile APCs are one reason why children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 requires much attention. The goal of this review is to examine the role of APCs, both in adults and children. The molecular mechanisms governing APCs, especially against SARS-CoV-2, may explain the differential immune responsiveness in the two populations.

scholarly journals Leptin’s and antigen-presenting cells’ functions in periodontitis – an overview / Leptin e as funções das células que apresentam antigénios na periodontite - uma visão geral

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 8011-8019
Author(s):  
Giovanna Ganem Favero ◽  
Isabela Lopes Martin ◽  
Fernanda Pereira da Silva Albino ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Fontana ◽  
Sérgio Luiz Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Immune Response ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
The Relationship

Leptin is a hormone synthesized predominantly by white adipose tissue. Its production levels are directly proportional to the total mass of this tissue in an individual’s body. Apart from its classic role in the regulation of hunger and satiety, it also plays an important part in scenarios involving innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been discovered that leptin levels are altered in a variety of inflammatory responses, such as periodontitis, a condition which derives from a persistent inflammatory immune response from a host facing bacterial infection. The initial trigger for this reaction is the recognition of the pathogens by antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, whose actions can be influenced by leptin. This review aims to present the relationship between leptin, dendritic cells and macrophages in the context of periodontal disease. Thus, we have assembled the most important findings related to leptin’s role in the modulation of the immune response carried out by these cells in periodontitis.

scholarly journals The Role of Dendritic and Endothelial Cells in Cardiorenal Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazia Maria Virzì ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Federico Nalesso ◽  
Claudio Ronco ◽  
Peter A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Cardiorenal Syndrome ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Backgrounds: Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that play a central role in innate and adaptive immune responses; however, the cross talk between cardiac and renal DCs in cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) has not yet been fully elucidated. In this setting, endothelial cells (ECs) also contribute to immune responses. Summary: DC and EC activation and dysfunction have a central role in the pathogenesis of CRS. Regarding immune responses in CRS, it is unknown whether ECs may serve as antigen-presenting cells or act synergistically with DCs to actively participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. This review first focuses on the burden of concomitant heart and renal DCs in the context of CRS; it examines what is known of DCs in animal models, and proposes a central role for DCs in all types of CRS. Second, this review briefly describes the role of ECs in the context of CRS. Key Messages: Understanding the role of DCs and ECs in immune response could lead to the development of novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of CRS.

Role of nutrition, infection, and the microbiota in the efficacy of oral vaccines

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Bhattacharjee ◽  
Timothy W. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Geographical Locations

Oral vaccines (OVs), provide protection against pathogens that infect mucosal surfaces and their potency relies on their capacity to elicit T- and B-cell responses directed to these surfaces. Oral vaccination efficacy has been found to vary considerably with differences in geographical locations and socioeconomic status. Specifically, in children living in resource-poor countries, undernourishment and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) infection are associated with the failure of OVs, which is a tragic outcome for the children who would benefit most from mucosal-based protection from infection. Both undernutrition and GI infection have been shown to profoundly affect the microbiota, inducing ‘dysbiosis’ characterized by narrowed bacterial diversity and increased frequency of bacterial clades associated with the induction of inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that the microbiota exerts a profound effect on the development of mucosal immune responses. Therefore, it seems likely that OV failure in resource-poor regions is affected by alterations to the immune response driven by dysbiotic changes to the microbiota. Here, we review the contribution of the microbiota to OV efficacy in the context of diet and GI infection.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 965
Author(s):  
Sahra Bashiri ◽  
Prashamsa Koirala ◽  
Istvan Toth ◽  
Mariusz Skwarczynski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Immune Adjuvants ◽  
Carbohydrate Ligands ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant (immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typically associated with infections. Carbohydrates displayed on the surface of pathogens are often recognized as PAMPs by receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Consequently, carbohydrates and their analogues have been used as adjuvants and delivery systems to promote antigen transport to APCs. Carbohydrates are biocompatible, usually nontoxic, biodegradable, and some are mucoadhesive. As such, carbohydrates and their derivatives have been intensively explored for the development of new adjuvants. This review assesses the immunological functions of carbohydrate ligands and their ability to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses against co-administered antigens. The role of carbohydrate-based adjuvants/delivery systems in the development of subunit vaccines is discussed in detail.

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