scholarly journals Pattern Recognition Receptors in Cancer Progression and Metastasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. CGM.S24314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Pandey ◽  
Saurabh Singh ◽  
Vandana Anang ◽  
Anant N. Bhatt ◽  
K. Natarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Chronic Activation

The innate immune system is an integral component of the inflammatory response to pathophysiological stimuli. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes are the major sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system that activate stimulus (signal)-specific proinflammatory responses. Chronic activation of PRRs has been found to be associated with the aggressiveness of various cancers and poor prognosis. Involvement of PRRs was earlier considered to be limited to infection- and injury-driven carcinogenesis, where they are activated by pathogenic ligands. With the recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as ligands of PRRs, the role of PRRs in carcinogenesis has also been implicated in other non-pathogen-driven neoplasms. Dying (apoptotic or necrotic) cells shed a plethora of DAMPs causing persistent activation of PRRs, leading to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Such chronic activation of TLRs promotes tumor cell proliferation and enhances tumor cell invasion and metastasis by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, metalloproteinases, and integrins. Due to the decisive role of PRRs in carcinogenesis, targeting PRRs appears to be an effective cancer-preventive strategy. This review provides a brief account on the association of PRRs with various cancers and their role in carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Viral recognition by the innate immune system: the role of pattern recognition receptors

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-387
Author(s):  
Silvia Torres-Pedraza ◽  
Juan Guillermo Betancur ◽  
Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Viral Recognition

scholarly journals Structural aspects of molecular recognition in the immune system. Part II: Pattern recognition receptors (IUPAC Technical Report)

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1483-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Robinson ◽  
Kerstin Moehle
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Helicase Domain ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Abstract The vertebrate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect a large variety of molecular signatures (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) from a broad range of different invading pathogens. The PAMPs range in size from relatively small molecules, to others of intermediate size such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptides, and oligosaccharides, to macromolecules such as viral DNA, RNA, and pathogen-derived proteins such as flagellin. Underlying this functional diversity of PRRs is a surprisingly small number of structurally distinct protein folds that include leucine-rich repeats in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the DExH box helicase domain in RIG-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin domains (CTLDs) in the C-type lectins. Following PAMP recognition by the PRRs, downstream signaling pathways activate the innate immune system to respond to invading pathogenic organisms. The resulting stimulatory response is also vital for a balanced adaptive immune response to the pathogen, mediated by circulating antibodies and/or cytotoxic T cells. However, an aberrant stimulation of the innate immune system can also lead to excessive inflammatory and toxic stress responses. Exciting opportunities are now arising for the design of small synthetic molecules that bind to PRRs and influence downstream signaling pathways. Such molecules can be useful tools to modulate immune responses, for example, as adjuvants to stimulate adaptive immune responses to a vaccine, or as therapeutic agents to dampen aberrant immune responses, such as inflammation. The design of agonists or antagonists of PRRs can now benefit from a surge in knowledge of the 3D structures of PRRs, many in complexes with their natural ligands. This review article describes recent progress in structural studies of PRRs (TLRs, NLRs, CTLs, and RLRs), which is required for an understanding of how they specifically recognize structurally diverse “foreign” PAMPs amongst a background of other “self” molecules, sometimes closely related in structure, that are present in the human body.

scholarly journals The Role of the Innate Immune System in Cancer Dormancy and Relapse

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5621
Author(s):  
Noah M. Chernosky ◽  
Ilaria Tamagno
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cancer Dormancy

Metastatic spread and recurrence are intimately linked to therapy failure, which remains an overarching clinical challenge for patients with cancer. Cancer cells often disseminate early in the disease process and can remain dormant for years or decades before re-emerging as metastatic disease, often after successful treatment. The interactions of dormant cancer cells and their metastatic niche, comprised of various stromal and immune cells, can determine the length of time that cancer cells remain dormant, as well as when they reactivate. New studies are defining how innate immune cells in the primary tumor may be corrupted to help facilitate many aspects of dissemination and re-emergence from a dormant state. Although the scientific literature has partially shed light on the drivers of immune escape in cancer, the specific mechanisms regulating metastasis and dormancy in the context of anti-tumor immunity are still mostly unknown. This review follows the journey of metastatic cells from dissemination to dormancy and the onset of metastatic outgrowth and recurrent tumor development, with emphasis on the role of the innate immune system. To this end, further research identifying how immune cells interact with cancer cells at each step of cancer progression will pave the way for new therapies that target the reactivation of dormant cancer cells into recurrent, metastatic cancers.

Role of Innate Immune System in Environmental Lung Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa A. Guttenberg ◽  
Aaron T. Vose ◽  
Robert M. Tighe
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune

scholarly journals Role of the Innate Immune System in Acute Viral Myocarditis

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Hua Huang ◽  
Jesus G. Vallejo ◽  
George Kollias ◽  
Douglas L. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Acute Viral Myocarditis
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