scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Markers of Soft Tissue Tumors: Pathologic Diagnosis, Genetic Contributions, and Therapeutic Options

2015 ◽  
Vol 10s1 ◽  
pp. ACI.S32730 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Parham
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Cell Phenotypes

After ~30 years of widespread usage, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has become a standard method of diagnosis for surgical pathology. Because of the plethora of diagnoses and often subtle nature of diagnostic criteria, IHC finds particular utility in soft tissue tumors. The use of progressively small amounts of tissue for diagnosis highlights the importance of this method. The sensitivity and crispness of IHC stains have progressively improved with the advent of new techniques. Traditionally, IHC detects cell-typic markers that characterize cell phenotypes, such as chromogranin for neuroectodermal tissue, myogenin for skeletal muscle, and cytokeratin for epithelium. However, the advent of genetic discoveries have led to IHC testing for detection of fusion gene products or overexpressed oncogenes associated with deletions and mutations. Proliferation-based markers such as Ki-67 can also be used for prognosis and grading, but more standardization is needed. Development of monoclonal antibody-based pharmaceuticals, such as imatinib or crizotinib, holds the promise of tailored anticancer therapy. IHC thus has assumed importance not only for diagnosis but also for guidance of personalized medicine.

scholarly journals FOXO1 gene involvement in a non-rhabdomyosarcomatous neoplasm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Haefliger ◽  
Muriel Genevay ◽  
Michel Bihl ◽  
Romina Marone ◽  
Daniel Baumhoer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Gene Fusion ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Gene Fusions ◽  
Mesenchymal Tumors ◽  
Myoepithelial Differentiation ◽  
Foxo1 Gene

AbstractMyoepithelial neoplasms of soft tissue are rare tumors with clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical, and genetic heterogeneity. The morphological spectrum of these tumors is broad, and the diagnosis often requires immunostaining to confirm myoepithelial differentiation. Rarely, tumors show a morphology that is typical for myoepithelial neoplasms, while the immunophenotype fails to confirm myoepithelial differentiation. For such lesions, the term “myoepithelioma-like” tumor was introduced. Recently, two cases of myoepithelioma-like tumors of the hands and one case of the foot were described with previously never reported OGT-FOXO gene fusions. Here, we report a 50-year-old woman, with a myoepithelial-like tumor localized in the soft tissue of the forearm and carrying a OGT-FOXO1 fusion gene. Our findings extend the spectrum of mesenchymal tumors involving members of the FOXO family of transcription factors and point to the existence of a family of soft tissue tumors that carry the gene fusion of the OGT-FOXO family.

scholarly journals Rearrangement bursts generate canonical gene fusions in bone and soft tissue tumors

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6405) ◽  
pp. eaam8419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel D. Anderson ◽  
Richard de Borja ◽  
Matthew D. Young ◽  
Fabio Fuligni ◽  
Andrej Rosic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Ewing Sarcoma ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Gene Fusions ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
Genomic Regions

Sarcomas are cancers of the bone and soft tissue often defined by gene fusions. Ewing sarcoma involves fusions between EWSR1, a gene encoding an RNA binding protein, and E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors. We explored how and when EWSR1-ETS fusions arise by studying the whole genomes of Ewing sarcomas. In 52 of 124 (42%) of tumors, the fusion gene arises by a sudden burst of complex, loop-like rearrangements, a process called chromoplexy, rather than by simple reciprocal translocations. These loops always contained the disease-defining fusion at the center, but they disrupted multiple additional genes. The loops occurred preferentially in early replicating and transcriptionally active genomic regions. Similar loops forming canonical fusions were found in three other sarcoma types. Chromoplexy-generated fusions appear to be associated with an aggressive form of Ewing sarcoma. These loops arise early, giving rise to both primary and relapse Ewing sarcoma tumors, which can continue to evolve in parallel.

scholarly journals Soft Tissue Tumor Immunohistochemistry Update: Illustrative Examples of Diagnostic Pearls to Avoid Pitfalls

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1072-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Wei ◽  
Evita Henderson-Jackson ◽  
Xiaohua Qian ◽  
Marilyn M. Bui
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
English Language ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Classification Of Tumors ◽  
Health Organization

Context.— Current 2013 World Health Organization classification of tumors of soft tissue arranges these tumors into 12 groups according to their histogenesis. Tumor behavior is classified as benign, intermediate (locally aggressive), intermediate (rarely metastasizing), and malignant. In our practice, a general approach to reaching a definitive diagnosis of soft tissue tumors is to first evaluate clinicoradiologic, histomorphologic, and cytomorphologic features of the tumor to generate some pertinent differential diagnoses. These include the potential line of histogenesis and whether the tumor is benign or malignant, and low or high grade. Although molecular/genetic testing is increasingly finding its applications in characterizing soft tissue tumors, currently immunohistochemistry still not only plays an indispensable role in defining tumor histogenesis, but also serves as a surrogate for underlining molecular/genetic alterations. Objective— To provide an overview focusing on the current concepts in the classification and diagnosis of soft tissue tumors, incorporating immunohistochemistry. This article uses examples to discuss how to use the traditional and new immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Practical diagnostic pearls, summary tables, and figures are used to show how to avoid diagnostic pitfalls. Data Sources.— Data were obtained from pertinent peer-reviewed English-language literature and the authors' first-hand experience as bone and soft tissue pathologists. Conclusions.— —The ultimate goal for a pathologist is to render a specific diagnosis that provides diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic information to guide patient care. Immunohistochemistry is integral to the diagnosis and management of soft tissue tumors.

scholarly journals Significance of Ki-67 in prognostication of soft tissue tumors

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. A579-A584
Author(s):  
Sridevi Vijayasankar ◽  
Susruthan Muralitharan ◽  
Thanka J
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Ki 67

An Update on the Application of Newly Described Immunohistochemical Markers in Soft Tissue Pathology

2015 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Lin ◽  
Leona A. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Practice Experience ◽  
Mesenchymal Neoplasms ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Tumor Types

Context During the last 5 to 10 years, significant progress has been made in the molecular characterization of soft tissue tumors, predominantly with the identification of recurrent translocations or amplification of certain genes in different tumor types. Alongside this, translational efforts have identified many novel and diagnostically useful immunohistochemical markers for many of these tumor types. Objective This article reviews a select group of recently described immunohistochemical markers of particular use in the evaluation of mesenchymal neoplasms; the underlying biology of the protein product, practical utility, and limitations of each marker are discussed in detail. Data Sources Literature review, authors' research data, and personal practice experience serve as sources. Conclusions There are many diagnostically useful immunohistochemical markers to help confirm the diagnosis of many different soft tissue tumor types, some of which have reduced the need for additional, and more costly, studies, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization. However, no one marker is 100% specific for a given tumor, and knowledge of potential pitfalls and overlap in patterns of staining among other tumor types is crucial to ensure the appropriate application of these markers in clinical practice.

Localization of Gallium-67 in Peritoneal Cells by Electron Microscopic Autoradiography

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 404-405
Author(s):  
D. C. Swartzendruber ◽  
Norma L. Idoyaga-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Clinical Usefulness ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic Autoradiography ◽  
Peritoneal Cells ◽  
Gallium 67

The radionuclide gallium-67 (67Ga) localizes preferentially but not specifically in many human and experimental soft-tissue tumors. Because of this localization, 67Ga is used in clinical trials to detect humar. cancers by external scintiscanning methods. However, the fact that 67Ga does not localize specifically in tumors requires for its eventual clinical usefulness a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that control its deposition in both malignant and normal cells. We have previously reported that 67Ga localizes in lysosomal-like bodies, notably, although not exclusively, in macrophages of the spocytaneous AKR thymoma. Further studies on the uptake of 67Ga by macrophages are needed to determine whether there are factors related to malignancy that might alter the localization of 67Ga in these cells and thus provide clues to discovering the mechanism of 67Ga localization in tumor tissue.

Percutaneous Imaging-Guided versus Open Musculoskeletal Biopsy: Concepts and Controversies

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 667-675
Author(s):  
Violeta Vasilevska Nikodinovska ◽  
Slavcho Ivanoski ◽  
Milan Samardziski ◽  
Vesna Janevska
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Complication Rate ◽  
Core Needle Biopsy ◽  
Multidisciplinary Team ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Open Biopsy ◽  
Core Needle ◽  
Similar Accuracy

AbstractBone and soft tissue tumors are a largely heterogeneous group of tumors. Biopsy of musculoskeletal (MSK) tumors is sometimes a challenging procedure. Although the open biopsy is still considered the gold standard for the biopsy of MSK lesions, core needle biopsy can replace it in most cases, with similar accuracy and a low complication rate. The biopsy should be performed in a tertiary sarcoma center where the multidisciplinary team consists of at minimum a tumor surgeon, an MSK pathologist, and an MSK radiologist who can assess all steps of the procedure. Several factors can influence the success of the biopsy including the lesion characteristics, the equipment, and the method used for the procedure. This review highlights some of the important aspects regarding the biopsy of the MSK tumors, with special attention to imaging a guided core needle biopsy and highlighting some of the recent advancements and controversies in the field.

Evaluation of Lipomatous Soft Tissue Tumors by MR Imaging

1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gelineck ◽  
J. Keller ◽  
O. Myhre Jensen ◽  
O. Steen Nielsen ◽  
T. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors
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