Effect of salinity stress on growth, water content, and guggulsterone production in callus cultures of Commiphora wightii (Arnott.) Bhandari

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Sayeed Ahmad ◽  
Soumi Datta ◽  
Jatin Katna ◽  
Dhiraj Shrivastav ◽  
SarvepalliBadari Narayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Commiphora Wightii

Morphactin influences guggulsterone production in callus cultures of Commiphora wightii

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Tanwar ◽  
Meeta Mathur ◽  
K. G. Ramawat
Keyword(s):  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Commiphora Wightii

Leaf growth and K+/Na+ ratio as an indication of the salt tolerance of three sorghum cultivars grown under salinity stress and IAA treatment

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Azooz ◽  
M. A. Shaddad ◽  
A. A. Abdel-Latef
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Relative Water

The salt tolerance of three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars (Dorado, Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113) and their responses to shoot spraying with 25 ppm IAA were studied. Salinity stress induced substantial differences between the three sorghum cultivars in the leaf area, dry mass, relative water content and tolerance index of the leaves. Dorado and Hagen Shandawil tolerated salinity up to 88 and 44 mM NaCl, respectively, but above this level, and at all salinity levels in Giza 113, a significant reduction in these parameters was recorded. The rate of reduction was lower in Dorado than in Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113, allowing the sequence Dorado ? Hagen Shandawil ? Giza 113 to be established for the tolerance of these cultivars to salinity. The differences in the tolerance of the sorghum cultivars were associated with large differences in K+ rather than in Na+, which was found to be similar in the whole plant. The youngest leaf was able to maintain a higher K+ content than the oldest leaf. Consequently the K+/Na+ ratios were higher in the most salt-tolerant cultivar Dorado than in the other sorghum cultivars, and in the youngest than in the oldest leaf. In conformity with this mechanism, the stimulatory effect of the exogenous application of IAA was mostly associated with a higher K+/Na+ ratio. Shoot spraying with IAA partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of salinity on leaf growth and on the K+ and Ca2+ contents, especially at low and moderate levels of salinity, while it markedly retarded the accumulation of Na+ in the different organs of sorghum cultivars. Abbreviations: LA: Leaf area, DM: Dry mass, I Indole acetic acid, RWC: Relative water content,TI: Tolerance index

scholarly journals Salinity Stress Tolerance Of Camelina Investigated In Vitro

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khalid ◽  
M. Kumari ◽  
A. Grover ◽  
M. Nasim
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Leaf Emergence

Abstract The ability of Camelina sativa to withstand salinity stress in vitro by adding NaCl (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200mM) in Murashige and Skoog basal medium was studied. Performance of the plants was measured in terms of various growth parameters and physiological and biochemical tests performed on fully grown plants. The germination capacity, cotyledon unfolding and first true leaf emergence was reduced by 30.6, 17.3, and 28.8%, respectively in 200mM salt treatment with respect to control. The plant height, relative water content, and plant water content were decreased by 85.4, 10.8, and 9.8%, respectively, in stressed plants with respect to control. A decrease in chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll contents (by 81.3%), as well as of protein content was registered. Electrical conductivity increased by 52.8% in stressed plants over control, as expected. Other stress indicators like guiacol peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde also increased with respect to control. At salt concentrations lower than 200mM, no clear cut retardation effects were seen. Thus, the present study opens up the scope of further assessment of survivability of camelina in salt contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Effect of salinity stress on plant growth and root yield of carrot

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274
Author(s):  
I Jahan ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
MR Karim
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Minimum Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Root Yield

This study was carried out at Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the effects of different levels of NaCl salinity on plant growth and root yield of two carrot varieties during the period from November, 2016 to February, 2017. Four levels of NaCl salt concentration viz., 0 (Control), 50, 100 and 150 mM and two varieties of carrot namely Shundori and Kuruda were used for this pot experiment. The two-factor experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The yield and yield components varied significantly between two carrot varieties and intensity of salt concentration. The maximum plant height (33.92 cm), length of leaves (14.51 cm), fresh weight of leaves (9.62 g), percent dry matter content of leaves (21.25 %), length of root (9.05 cm), diameter (11.24 cm), dry matter content of roots (18.18 %) were produced by Shundori. On the other hand, maximum water content of leaves (80.89 %), water content of roots (84.57 %) and weight of roots (10.76 g) were exhibited by Kuruda. Most of the studied parameters showed decreasing trends with the highest level of salinity (200 mM NaCl) producing lowest weight of roots (3.93 g). In case of combined effects of variety and salt concentrations, Kuruda with control condition produced maximum weight of roots (20.62 g) while the minimum weight of roots (3.53 g) was obtained by the combination of Kuruda with the highest level of salt concentration (200 mM NaCl). The result of the experiment revealed that the salinity stress significantly reduced all studied parameters at 100 mM and 150 mM as compared to control and 50 mM NaCl. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variety of Kuruda was found as relatively salt tolerant than Shundori. Progressive Agriculture 30 (3): 263-274, 2019

scholarly journals Changes in Water Relation Parameters in Leaves of Olive (Olea europaea L.) during Salinity Stress and Relief

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 780B-780
Author(s):  
Riccardo Gucci ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
Massimiliano Tattini
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Olive Varieties

Water relation parameters were calculated from analysis of 92 pressure-volume isotherms of leaves of two olive varieties, `Leccino' and `Frantoio', measured after 4 weeks of salinity stress and 4 weeks of subsequent relief either in hydroponics or soil culture. `Frantoio' was more salt-tolerant than `Leccino', but no major differences in water relation parameters emerged between the two varieties. Increasing salinity from 0 to 200 mM NaCl decreased predawn leaf water potential from –0.5 MPa to –1.3 MPa, relative water content (RWC) from 97.6% to 89%, and leaf osmotic potential (Ψπ) from –2.0 to –3.5 MPa. Relative water content at turgor loss point (RWCtlp) was decreased from 89% to 85% (soil culture) and from 86% to 80% (hydroponic culture) in 0 to 200 mM CaCl-treated plants, respectively; a lower RWCtlp was also retained during the relief from salinity. Active osmotic adjustments induced by salinity was the result of accumulation of both inorganic ions and compatible solutes (e.g., mannitol). Maintenance of lower Ψπ and RWCtlp during relief indicated that salinized plants were better adapted to withstand further stress and that this potential might be exploited to harden olive plants to be used in arid or saline environments.

scholarly journals Influence of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and Nitric Oxide on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Salt Stressed Vigna angularis

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abass Ahanger ◽  
Usman Aziz ◽  
Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli ◽  
Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni ◽  
Parvaiz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Vigna Angularis ◽  
Exogenous Application

The present study was carried out to investigate the beneficial role of exogenous application of salicylic acid (1 mM SA) and nitric oxide (100 μM NO) in preventing the oxidative damage in Vigna angularis triggered by salinity stress. Salinity (100 mM NaCl) stress reduced growth, biomass accumulation, chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, gas exchange parameters, and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) significantly. Exogenous application of SA and NO was affective in enhancing these growth and photosynthetic parameters. Salinity stress reduced relative water content over control. Further, the application of SA and NO enhanced the synthesis of proline, glycine betaine, and sugars as compared to the control as well as NaCl treated plants contributing to the maintenance of tissue water content. Exogenous application of SA and NO resulted in up-regulation of the antioxidant system. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the content of non-enzymatic components, were more in SA + NO treated seedlings as compared to control and salinity stressed counterparts resulting in significant alleviation of the NaCl mediated oxidative damage. Content of nitrogen, potassium, and calcium increased due to SA and NO under normal conditions and NaCl stress conditions while as Na and Cl content reduced significantly.

scholarly journals Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Peanut by Application of Endophytic Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal K. Pal ◽  
Rinku Dey ◽  
Dharmesh N. Sherathia ◽  
Devidayal ◽  
Shamsudheen Mangalassery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Acc Deaminase ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Bacillus Firmus ◽  
Growth Modulation ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Bacillus Tequilensis ◽  
Relative Water

The development of salinity affects 7% of the world’s land surface, acting as a major constraint to crop productivity. This study attempted to use the co-evolving endophytes of peanut to alleviate salinity stress and enhance the yield of peanut. Diverse and different tissue colonizing endophytes were isolated from peanut and screened in vitro by seed germination bioassay imposing gradients of salinity, with two cultivars TG37A (susceptible) and GG2 (moderately resistant), in potted conditions using saline irrigation water. Finally, nine endophytes capable of producing IAA and ACC-deaminase, promoting root growth and yield in potted conditions were selected for further evaluation in field conditions. They were evaluated with saline water (1.5–2.0 dS/m) in saline soil with susceptible cultivar TG37A. Simultaneously, three endophytes (Bacillus firmus J22N; Bacillus tequilensis SEN15N; and Bacillus sp. REN51N) were evaluated with two cultivars, GG2 and TG37A, during rainy and post-rainy seasons with elevated salinity. The application of endophytes like Bacillus firmus J22N and Bacillus sp. REN51N enhanced the pod and haulm yield of peanuts by 14–19% across cultivars, salinity, and seasons. In addition, there was significant modulation in parameters like relative water content; production of enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), lipid peroxidase (POD), and H2O2 content in leaf; and uptake of potassium. The activities of the enzymes involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased with salinity, and further increased with endophytes like Bacillus firmus J22N, Bacillus tequilensis SEN15N, and Bacillus sp. REN51N. There was an enhanced accumulation of proline, reduced level of phenol and H2O2, and enhanced uptake of potassium with the inoculation of endophytes. This improved scavenging capacity of plants by endophytic modulation of ROS scavengers, uptake of K, production of ACC deaminase and IAA, root and biomass growth, modulation in relative water content, and enhanced accumulation of osmoprotectant might be the reasons of alleviation of salinity stress. Endophytes could have alleviated salinity stress in peanuts, indicating the mechanisms and potential of peanuts at the field level. These endophytes could be applied to bring agricultural sustainability to salinity-affected areas in the future. Furthermore, few genera viz. Kocuria, Brevundimonas, Agrococcus, Dietzia, and Kytococcus were observed in peanut tissue for the first time.

Characterization of frozen hydrated biological specimens by low-loss EELS

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1572-1573
Author(s):  
Songquan Sun ◽  
Richard D. Leapman
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Subcellular Compartment ◽  
Differential Shrinkage ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Analyses of ultrathin cryosections are generally performed after freeze-drying because the presence of water renders the specimens highly susceptible to radiation damage. The water content of a subcellular compartment is an important quantity that must be known, for example, to convert the dry weight concentrations of ions to the physiologically more relevant molar concentrations. Water content can be determined indirectly from dark-field mass measurements provided that there is no differential shrinkage between compartments and that there exists a suitable internal standard. The potential advantage of a more direct method for measuring water has led us to explore the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for characterizing biological specimens in their frozen hydrated state.We have obtained preliminary EELS measurements from pure amorphous ice and from cryosectioned frozen protein solutions. The specimens were cryotransfered into a VG-HB501 field-emission STEM equipped with a 666 Gatan parallel-detection spectrometer and analyzed at approximately −160 C.

SEM and fluorescence imaging of callose deposition in root hair tips and suspension cultures of Streptanthus tortuosus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
K.S. Walters ◽  
R.D. Sjolund ◽  
K.C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Ultraviolet Illumination ◽  
Callose Formation

Callose, B-1,3-glucan, a component of cell walls, is associated with phloem sieve plates, plasmodesmata, and other cell wall structures that are formed in response to wounding or infection. Callose reacts with aniline blue to form a fluorescent complex that can be recognized in the light microscope with ultraviolet illumination. We have identified callose in cell wall protuberances that are formed spontaneously in suspension-cultured cells of S. tortuosus and in the tips of root hairs formed in sterile callus cultures of S. tortuosus. Callose deposits in root hairs are restricted to root hair tips which appear to be damaged or deformed, while normal root hair tips lack callose deposits. The callose deposits found in suspension culture cells are restricted to regions where unusual outgrowths or protuberances are formed on the cell surfaces, specifically regions that are the sites of new cell wall formation.Callose formation has been shown to be regulated by intracellular calcium levels.

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