scholarly journals More appropriate disease control policies for the developing world : policy and trade issues

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Mariner
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Market Effects ◽  
Disease Impact ◽  
Health Situation

Investment in disease control should be targeted to critical points that provide the greatest benefit to the livelihoods of livestock-dependent stakeholders. Risk-based targeting should balance the impacts of diseases against the feasibility of their control. This requires sensitive and specific surveillance systems that provide representative overviews of the animal health situation for accurate assessment of disease impact and transmission patterns. Assessment of impact should include household and market effects. The key in surveillance is involving livestock owners using active methods that ensure their disease priorities are addressed. Epidemiological targeting of interventions to critical points in disease transmission cycles should be done to obtain maximal disease reduction. Interventions should be delivered in full partnership with both private and community-based stakeholders to assure high uptake and sustainability. In developing countries, approaches such as participatory disease surveillance and community-based animal health programs have been effective and comply with international animal health standards.

scholarly journals Mobilising community-based research on zoonotic infections: A case study of longitudinal cohorts in Vietnam

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Saylors ◽  
Tue Ngo Tri ◽  
Toan Tran Khanh ◽  
Kiet Bach Tuan ◽  
Heiman FL Wertheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Participatory Research ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Community Based Research ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Response Capacity ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Study Sites

We initiated the Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS) research program to better understand the epidemiology of disease transmission at the human–animal interface in Vietnamese rural communities and to integrate One Health approaches to disease surveillance. We established a longitudinal community cohort study of individuals with occupational exposure to animals, which involves concurrent targeted sampling from domestic livestock species and follow-up monitoring of human clinical cases. The project was implemented by government agencies at the provincial and district levels of the public health and animal health sectors in Vietnam. Engaging with rural communities builds response capacity at the grassroots level, and has improved dialogue between local stakeholders responsible for monitoring human and animal health. Here we describe the process of initiating participatory research and cohort field implementation over the first year in two study sites in Vietnam.Keywords: Vietnam, participatory research, zoonoses, field epidemiology

scholarly journals PO 8581 ZOONOTIC VIRAL ANTIGENS SURVEILLANCE IN HEALTHY POPULATIONS LIVING IN LAMBARÉNÉ, GABON

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A58.2-A58
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Bache ◽  
Marguerite M Loembe ◽  
Selidji T Agnandji
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Sub Saharan

BackgroundWorldwide, viral zoonotic infections such as filoviruses, flaviviruses, nairoviruses and arenaviruses cause self-limiting to severe diseases. They are endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, causing sporadic outbreaks warranting the development of sustainable surveillance systems. In Gabon, Ebola outbreaks occurred from 1994 to 2002 causing 214 human cases and 150 deaths, while Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya virus outbreaks occurred between 2007 and 2010. Beyond these outbreaks, little is known about the epidemiology. Recently, in collaboration with the Japanese government, the Research and Health Ministries of Gabon supported the implementation of a biosecurity level-3 (BSL-3) laboratory at CERMEL in Lambaréné as a zoonotic disease surveillance unit. Start-off involved antigen detection and characterisation of circulating antibodies to targeted viral antigens in healthy populations. This study reports data from healthy participants (18–50 years) in a phase I rVSV-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine trial.MethodsHundred-six (106) baseline samples were screened for Ebola, Dengue (serotypes) 1–4 and Chikungunya viral RNA by RT-PCR on serum. IgG ELISA on plasma was used to identify antibodies against: Zaire-Ebola-(EBOV-GP and EBOV-VP40), Marburg-(MARV-GP and MARV-VP40), Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever-(CCHFV-GP), Lasa-(LASV-GPC and LASV-NP), Yellow Fever-(YFV-NS1), West-Nile-(WNV-NS1), Zika virus-(ZIKV-NS1), Chikungunya-(CHIKV-VLP) and Dengue-(DENV1-NS1,DENV2-NS1,DENV3-NS1,DENV4-NS1) virus antigens.ResultsNo viral RNA was isolated by RT-PCR in 106 samples. About 9% (10/106), 3% (3/106), 6% (6/106), 24% (25/106), 51% (54/106), 38% (40/106) and 36% (38/106) participants were seropositive for antibodies specific to EBOV-GP, MARV-GP, CCHFV-GP, YFV-NS1, WNV-NS1, ZIKV-NS1 and CHIKV-VLP, respectively. Twelve percent (12%; 13/106) of participants possessed antibodies specific to Zika, Chikungunya and Dengue 1–4 antigens. Six percent (6%; 6/106) of participants were seropositive for EBOV-GP and CCHFV-GP.ConclusionWe found antibodies to viral zoonotic infections among our healthy volunteers. Further assays, including neutralisation assays are being performed to ascertain the specificity of the antibodies. These findings, once confirmed, will provide insights into disease surveillance, vaccine trial designs, evaluation of post-vaccine immune responses, variability in adverse events and overall disease transmission patterns.

scholarly journals Informing resilience building: FAO’s Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) Biothreat Detection Module will help assess national capacities to detect agro-terrorism and agro-crime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Vasconcelos Gioia ◽  
Gaël Lamielle ◽  
Ryan Aguanno ◽  
Ihab ElMasry ◽  
Béatrice Mouillé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Health Events ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Tool Set ◽  
Global Affairs

Abstract Attacks using animal pathogens can have devastating socioeconomic, public health and national security consequences. The livestock sector has some inherent vulnerabilities which put it at risk to the deliberate or accidental spread of disease. The growing concern of countries about the risks of agro-terrorism and agro-crime has led to efforts to prepare against potential attacks. One recent international effort is the launch of a joint OIE, FAO and INTERPOL project in 2019 to build resilience against agro-terrorism and agro-crime targeting animal health with the financial support of the Weapons Threat Reduction Programme of Global Affairs Canada. Given the importance of strong animal health surveillance systems for the early and effective response to agro-terrorism and agro-crime, the project uses the FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) and its new Biothreat Detection Module to evaluate beneficiary countries’ capacities to detect criminal or terrorist animal health events. This paper presents the development of the new SET Biothreat Detection Module and how it will be used to evaluate surveillance for agro-terrorism and agro-crime animal threats. The module will be piloted in early 2021 and, once finalized, will be used by beneficiary countries of the joint OIE-FAO-INTERPOL project. Results from evaluations using SET and its Biothreat Detection Module are expected to provide a baseline from which countries can build targeted capacity for animal disease surveillance including early detection and investigation of potential terrorist or criminal events involving zoonotic and non-zoonotic animal pathogens.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of smallholder farmers on foot and mouth disease control in two Cambodian provinces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Socheat Sieng ◽  
Ian Patrick ◽  
Peter Windsor ◽  
Steve Walkden-Brown ◽  
Chetra Sar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Food-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Cambodia. The control program for FMD has relied on vaccination, with poor vaccination uptake by smallholder farmers an increasing concern. A study to improve the understanding of farmer knowledge, attitudes and practices of FMD and FMD vaccination was conducted in two Cambodian provinces. The aim was to identify opportunities to improve the disease control programs provided by both the government and private sectors. The survey comprised 300 smallholder farmers using a one-on-one interview technique. Results identified that over two-thirds of the respondent farmers had not vaccinated their cattle over two years. Of those who did, most cattle were vaccinated either once a year or once every three years. A booster had never been administered. FMD outbreaks occurred every year during the study period, with a morbidity rate of over 30%. Isolation of first infected cattle from the household herd was not practiced, with treatment identified as the first preference intervention. Farmers often assisted other farmers to restrain and treat infected cattle both before (57%) and after (43%) their own cattle were infected. This indicated that most farmers did not practice basic biosecurity measures and chose to report FMD outbreaks to the village animal health workers (VAHW), friends, neighbors, and relatives in preference to government officials. It was concluded that poor knowledge of disease transmission and biosecurity, with low FMD vaccination coverage and a focus on treatment, contribute to regular FMD outbreaks in these communities. Improvement of FMD control requires the cooperation of villagers, VAHWs, and village leaders in disease reporting, with either improved funding of government vaccination services or private FMD vaccination service. Training programs for farmers on disease transmission, and the importance of biosecurity and vaccination, including information on the cost-benefits of treatment versus full fee bi-annual FMD vaccination, are required.

scholarly journals Evaluation of community-based disease surveillance systems for priority disease detection in Nairobi County Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 4692
Author(s):  
Annastacia Katuvee Muange ◽  
John Kariuki ◽  
James Mwitari
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Community based disease surveillance (CBDS) may be defined as an active process of community involvement in identification, reporting, responding to and monitoring diseases and public health events of concern in the community. The scope of CBS is limited to systematic continuous collection of health data on events and diseases guided by simplified lay case definitions and reporting to health facilities for verification, investigation, collation, analysis and response as necessary.Methods: A cross sectional study design, interventions study program was adopted to determine the effectiveness of CBDS in detecting of priority diseases. Purposive and random sampling methods was employed to select the respondents.Results: The results of the study assisted the Ministry of health to understand the effectiveness of Community based surveillance in detection of priority diseases and hence strengthen the community-based surveillance initiative. From the findings, the integrated disease surveillance data for five years from 2014-2018 shows, more cases of priority diseases reported in health facilities linked to a community unit trained on CBDS. Cholera (9/5), Malaria (4757/2789), Neonatal tetanus (27/3) respectively.Conclusions: The study concluded that, use of community-based surveillance system, improves detection of the notifiable diseases in the community. The study revealed that there is a gap on training of community-based disease surveillance system and therefore there is need for continuous refresher trainings on CBDS to the CHVs and CHAs to accommodate also the newly recruited.

Key issues and challenges in disease surveillance in dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-52
Author(s):  
Lorenzo E. Hernández-Castellano ◽  
◽  
Klaus L. Ingvartsen ◽  
Mogens A. Krogh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Production Diseases ◽  
The Individual

This chapter provides an overview on the different aspects concerning disease surveillance programs. The chapter also describes a specific and conceptual framework related to disease surveillance of production diseases within the individual herd, including both animals and farmers. Regarding farmers, this chapter focus on the justification and purposes for doing disease surveillance as well as the possible decisions and actions they can take to enhance the efficiency of the disease surveillance programs. It also discusses some of the most novel biomarkers that can be potentially used to identify pre-clinical disease states, which will have the potential to minimize the negative effects of production diseases. Finally, the chapter looks into the future perspectives and possible challenges that future automated disease surveillance systems will need to face in order to keep an optimal animal health, performance and welfare within the individual herd.

scholarly journals Informing resilience building: FAO’s Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) Biothreat Detection Module will help assess national capacities to detect agro-terrorism and agro-crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Vasconcelos Gioia ◽  
Gaël Lamielle ◽  
Ryan Aguanno ◽  
Ihab ElMasry ◽  
Béatrice Mouillé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Tool Set ◽  
Global Affairs

AbstractAttacks using animal pathogens can have devastating socioeconomic, public health and national security consequences. The livestock sector has some inherent vulnerabilities which put it at risk to the deliberate or accidental spread of disease. The growing concern of countries about the risks of agro-terrorism and agro-crime has led to efforts to prepare against potential attacks. One recent international effort is the launch of a joint OIE, FAO and INTERPOL project in 2019 to build resilience against agro-terrorism and agro-crime targeting animal health with the financial support of the Weapons Threat Reduction Programme of Global Affairs Canada. Given the importance of strong animal health surveillance systems for the early and effective response to agro-terrorism and agro-crime, the project will use the FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) and its new Biothreat Detection Module to evaluate beneficiary countries’ capacities to detect criminal or terrorist animal health events. This paper presents the development of the new SET Biothreat Detection Module and how it will be used to evaluate surveillance for agro-terrorism and agro-crime animal disease threats. The module will be piloted in early 2021 and, once finalized, will be used by beneficiary countries of the joint OIE-FAO-INTERPOL project. Results from evaluations using SET and its Biothreat Detection Module are expected to provide a baseline from which countries can build targeted capacity for animal disease surveillance including early detection and investigation of potential terrorist or criminal events involving zoonotic and non-zoonotic animal pathogens.

scholarly journals Animal movement in pastoralist populations and implications for pathogen spread and control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Omondi ◽  
Vincent Obanda ◽  
Kimberly VanderWaal ◽  
John Deen ◽  
Dominic A. Travis
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Livestock Movement ◽  
Movement Distance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Random Removal

AbstractInfectious diseases are one of the most important constraints to livestock agriculture, and hence food, nutritional and economic security in developing countries. In any livestock system, the movement of animals is key to production and sustainability. This is especially true in pastoralist systems where animal movement occurs for a myriad of social, ecological, economic and management reasons. Understanding the dynamics of livestock movement within an ecosystem is important for disease surveillance and control, yet there is limited data available on the dynamics of animal movement in such populations. The aim of this study was to investigate animal transfer networks in a pastoralist community in Kenya, and assess network-based strategies for disease control. We used network analysis to characterize five types of animal transfer networks and evaluated implications of these networks for disease control through quantifying topological changes in the network because of targeted or random removal of nodes. To construct these networks, data were collected using a standardized questionnaire (N=164 households) from communities living within the Maasai Mara Ecosystem in southwestern Kenya. The median livestock movement distance for agistment (dry season grazing) was 39.49 kilometers (22.03-63.49 km), while that for gift, bride price, buying and selling were 13.97 km (0-40.30 km), 30.75 km (10.02-66.03 km), 31.14 km (17.56-59.08 km), and 33.21 km (17.78-58.49 km), respectively. Our analyses show that the Maasai Mara National Reserve, a protected area, was critical for maintaining connectivity in the agistment network. In addition, villages closer to the Maasai Mara National Reserve were regularly used for dry season grazing. In terms of disease control, targeted removal of highly connected village nodes was more effective at fragmenting each network than random removal of nodes, indicating that network-based targeting of interventions such as vaccination could potentially disrupt transmission pathways and reduce pathogen circulation in the ecosystem. In conclusion, this work shows that animal movements have the potential to shape patterns of disease transmission and control in this ecosystem. Further, we show that targeted control is a more practical and efficient measure for disease control.

scholarly journals Potential and Challenges of Community-Based Surveillance in Animal Health: A Pilot Study Among Equine Owners in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranya Özçelik ◽  
Franziska Remy-Wohlfender ◽  
Susanne Küker ◽  
Vivianne Visschers ◽  
Daniela Hadorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Good Proxy

Animal owners' potential to observe and report clinical signs, as the persons with the closest contact to their animals, is an often neglected source of information in surveillance. Allowing community members other than health care professionals, such as animal owners, to report health events can contribute to close current surveillance gaps and enhance early detection. In the present study, we tested a community-based surveillance (CBS) approach in the equine community in Switzerland. We aimed at revealing the attitudes and intentions of equine owners toward reporting clinical signs by making use of an online questionnaire. We further set up and operated an online CBS tool, named Equi-Commun. Finally, we investigated potential reasons for the lack of its use by applying qualitative telephone interviews. The majority of the respondents of the online questionnaire (65.5%, 707/1,078) answered that they could see themselves reporting clinical observations of their equine. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that French-speaking equine owners and those belonging to the positive attitude cluster are more likely to report to a CBS tool. Equi-Commun operated between October 2018 and December 2019 yet received only four reports. With the addition of qualitative interviews, we identified three critical, interlinked issues that may have led to the non-use of Equi-Commun within the Swiss equine community: (1) for successfully implementing CBS, the need for surveillance within the community of interest must be given; (2) the respective population under surveillance, here the equine, needs to show enough clinical cases for owners to be able to maintain the memory of an existing tool and its possible use; and (3) targeted and high effort communication of the system is key for its success. While CBS relying only on lay animal owners, complementary to existing surveillance systems, could potentially provide a good proxy of timely surveillance data, it is questionable whether the added value of generated surveillance knowledge is in balance with efforts necessary to implement a successful system. With this study, we showcased both the potential and challenges of CBS in animal health, as this may be of relevance and guidance for future initiatives.

scholarly journals A Smartphone App (AfyaData) for Innovative One Health Disease Surveillance from Community to National Levels in Africa: Intervention in Disease Surveillance (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Daniel Karimuribo ◽  
Eric Mutagahywa ◽  
Calvin Sindato ◽  
Leonard Mboera ◽  
Mpoki Mwabukusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Disease Detection ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Prompt Response

BACKGROUND We describe the development and initial achievements of a participatory disease surveillance system that relies on mobile technology to promote Community Level One Health Security (CLOHS) in Africa. OBJECTIVE The objective of this system, Enhancing Community-Based Disease Outbreak Detection and Response in East and Southern Africa (DODRES), is to empower community-based human and animal health reporters with training and information and communication technology (ICT)–based solutions to contribute to disease detection and response, thereby complementing strategies to improve the efficiency of infectious disease surveillance at national, regional, and global levels. In this study, we refer to techno-health as the application of ICT-based solutions to enhance early detection, timely reporting, and prompt response to health events in human and animal populations. METHODS An EpiHack, involving human and animal health experts as well as ICT programmers, was held in Tanzania in 2014 to identify major challenges facing early detection, timely reporting, and prompt response to disease events. This was followed by a project inception workshop in 2015, which brought together key stakeholders, including policy makers and community representatives, to refine the objectives and implementation plan of the DODRES project. The digital ICT tools were developed and packaged together as the AfyaData app to support One Health disease surveillance. Community health reporters (CHRs) and officials from animal and human health sectors in Morogoro and Ngorongoro districts in Tanzania were trained to use the AfyaData app. The AfyaData supports near- to real-time data collection and submission at both community and health facility levels as well as the provision of feedback to reporters. The functionality of the One Health Knowledge Repository (OHKR) app has been integrated into the AfyaData app to provide health information on case definitions of diseases of humans and animals and to synthesize advice that can be transmitted to CHRs with next step response activities or interventions. Additionally, a WhatsApp social group was made to serve as a platform to sustain interactions between community members, local government officials, and DODRES team members. RESULTS Within the first 5 months (August-December 2016) of AfyaData tool deployment, a total of 1915 clinical cases in livestock (1816) and humans (99) were reported in Morogoro (83) and Ngorongoro (1832) districts. CONCLUSIONS These initial results suggest that the DODRES community-level model creates an opportunity for One Health engagement of people in their own communities in the detection of infectious human and animal disease threats. Participatory approaches supported by digital and mobile technologies should be promoted for early disease detection, timely reporting, and prompt response at the community, national, regional, and global levels.

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