scholarly journals Assessing the economics of animal trypanosomosis in Africa - history and current perspectives : vector-borne diseases : trypanosomosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P.M. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Animal Trypanosomosis ◽  
Livestock Productivity ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Finding appropriate ways of dealing with the problem of tsetse and trypanosomosis will be an important component of efforts to alleviate poverty in Africa. This article reviews the history of economic analyses of the problem, starting with the use of cost to guide choice of technique for tsetse control in the 1950s, followed by work in the 1970s and 1980s linking these to the impact of the disease on livestock productivity, and in the 1990s to its wider impact. In the current situation, with limited resources and a range of techniques for controlling or eliminating tsetse, the cost implications of choosing one technique or another are important and a recent study reviewed these costs. A novel approach to assessing the potential benefits from removing trypanosomosis by creating 'money maps' showed that high losses from animal trypanosomosis currently occur in areas with high cattle population densities on the margins of the tsetse distribution and where animal traction is an important component of farming systems. Given the importance of the decisions to be made in the next decade, when prioritising and choosing techniques for dealing with tsetse and trypanosomosis, more work needs to be done underpinning such mapping exercises and estimating the true cost and likely impact of planned interventions.

Liberalization at Any Cost? Implications of IMF Policy for Sovereignty and Stability in East Asia

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Michael Spaulding
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Financial Governance ◽  
State Governance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Globalization pits pressures for liberalization against state claims to political and economic sovereignty. Less powerful states in particular face strong pressure from the international trade regime to liberalize their economies irrespective of the impact on domestic stability and national goals. East Asia has been a hold-out against the global trend toward liberalization. This paper shows that the bail-out package demanded by the IMF in 1997 during the East Asian financial crisis imposed unprecedented restrictions on state governance without regard for long-term implications. The paper argues that the IMF's motivation was to harmonize financial governance of the affected economies with Western practices. However, the cost of this initiative to the stability of the region has been overlooked. The East Asian region has carved out for itself a unique niche in the international political economy by resisting penetration of Western finance capital. Already governments have fallen and deep resentments have been sewn over the reversal. More seriously for the future, assumptions that free-market liberalism can be imposed top-down ignore the extent to which economic institutions and preferences are embedded in culture.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Ethnic Stacking: Military Defection during Uprisings in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Morency-Laflamme ◽  
Theodore McLauchlin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Does ethnic stacking in the armed forces help prevent military defection? Recent research, particularly in Africa and the Middle East, suggests so; by favoring in-groups, regimes can keep in-group soldiers loyal. In-group loyalty comes at the cost of antagonizing members of out-groups, but many regimes gladly run that risk. In this research note, we provide the first large-scale evidence on the impact of ethnic stacking on the incidence of military defection during uprisings from below, using data on fifty-seven popular uprisings in Africa since formal independence. We find clear evidence for the downside: ethnic stacking is associated with more frequent defection if out-group members are still dominant in the armed forces. We find more limited support for the hypothesized payoff. Ethnic stacking may reduce the risk of defection, but only in regimes without a recent history of coup attempts. Future research should therefore trace the solidification of ethnic stacking over time.

scholarly journals Designing waste management systems to meet circular economy goals: The Italian case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Di Foggia ◽  
Massimo Beccarello
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Waste management capacity plays a prominent role in complying with circular economy goals, such as reducing municipal waste disposal by landfilling to 10%. We first analyze the imbalance in municipal solid waste management across Italy by estimating the quantities of waste to be treated using technologies different from those currently in use. Subsequently, we estimate the impact that a system compliant with circular economy goals would have on the cost of waste management. Our empirical analyses are based on an econometric method. The results suggest that Italy could reduce the use of landfill by 11.5%, resulting in a 13% reduction in mechanical-biological treatment. The waste-to-energy capacity would rise by 4.6% compared to the current situation, while the organic fraction treatment capacity would increase by 8.3%. Besides the positive impact on the environment, the potential annual savings on the cost of waste management could reach 0.07%, or 0.27% when the phase corresponding to treatment and disposal is considered. We provide insights into the design of more efficient national waste management plans using a novel approach based on best performers.

Maritime piracy and the cost of world trade*

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Jones
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Maritime Piracy ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The aim of this study is to determine the nature and extent of the threat of global maritime piracy. The cost of global piracy has been estimated at USD15-25 billion, reaching an all-time high in 2011, remaining an ongoing threat to world trade and contributing to high commodity costs. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a literature review of formal and informal published sources, this exploratory and diagnostic article attempts to approximately quantify global piracy in terms of pirate activity worldwide and shipper response, and looks at global trends and some tentative economic implications. Findings – The overall findings are inconclusive due to unreliable and piecemeal data, but global piracy clearly impacts goods carried by sea. The piracy problem may be estimated in terms of ships and crew affected, ransoms paid, the impact on specific commodities in terms of cargoes carried and cost implications of pirate-avoiding rerouting. Practical implications – Pirates are getting rich, but their compatriots are poorer than ever. Countries desperate for international aid are corruptly laundering pirate ransom income and continuing to support pirate warlords. Prices are continuing to rise for consumers in all countries. Solutions to the piracy problem remain elusive, and are considered in a follow-up article, Maritime piracy – the challenge of providing long-term solutions. Originality/value – Most articles in this field consider specific piracy incidents in particular locations, without an overall analysis of the impact on world trade as a whole. There is a gap in the literature for an up-to-date, analytical study of maritime piracy worldwide.

scholarly journals Total testing process applied to therapeutic drug monitoring: impact on patients’ outcomes and economics

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E Schumacher ◽  
Judith T Barr
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Serum Drug Concentration ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Total Testing Process ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result

Abstract The Total Testing Process (TTP) refers to the sequence of 11 steps of laboratory testing, beginning with a clinical question prompted by the patient–clinician encounter and concluding with the impact of the test result on patient care. TTP when applied to therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) emphasizes that TDM must be considered a process involving a series of steps and interrelated activities and not viewed simply as a numerical value for a serum drug concentration. TTP is also an ideal format for organizing and identifying the system-related and patient-centered variables used in outcomes assessment of TDM, as well as providing a template for collecting the cost data needed for economic analyses. Examples are provided for improving application of TDM by practitioners, clinical laboratories, and educators.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Femoral Ultrasonography as a Tool for Promoting Cessation of Groin-Injecting Behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Senbanjo ◽  
John Strang
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Opioid Substitution Treatment ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Time In Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opioid Substitution

Aim: To assess the impact of femoral ultrasonography accompanied by explanation of the findings (UFV) on groin-injecting behaviour. Methods: 348 heroin-addicted groin injectors (GIs) on opioid substitution treatment (OST) were included in the study: 174 received UFV (cases), 174 did not (controls). Injecting behaviour among cases and matched controls were compared for both ‘persistent GIs' (patients who had injected via the femoral vein in the 28-day period preceding the baseline) and ‘former GIs' (patients with a history of previous groin injecting). Findings: There were no significant between-group differences in gender, mean age, time in treatment, substitute medication and mean dose at baseline or injecting behaviour prior to baseline. After baseline, reduction by a third in the proportion still groin injecting was immediately evident among UFV cases versus controls (number needed to treat: 3, 95% CI: 2, 8; p < 0.001). Marked reduction in groin-injecting behaviour among UFV cases was maintained over 12 months, including fewer relapses among ‘former GIs' (number needed to treat: 5, 95% CI: 4, 9; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Single-session UFV may promote cessation of groin-injecting behaviour among patients receiving OST. This benefit appears to be evident 12 months later. Further evaluation of this novel approach to the management of groin injecting, a particularly harmful behaviour, is now warranted.

scholarly journals Improvement of methods for determining the efficiency of advertising

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Maksym Chernenko ◽  
Anatoliy Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Trade Fair ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Value Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Theoretical background</strong>: The paper shows that increase in sales and profit margins is only partially dependent on the implementation of advertising activities. Methodical approaches for estimation of an exhibition and advertising activity and promotion of its employees are specified.</p><p><strong>Purpose of the article</strong>: It is the purpose of this article to analyze and further develop the methodological principles for assessing the efficiency of advertising and exhibition activities.</p><p><strong>Main findings</strong>: The results of the work involve evaluation of the effect of advertising and the share of the impact of advertising in increased revenue from the sale of products. A corresponding proportion of this impact was determined based on consumer inquiries. We propose an index of exhibition and trade fair performance, calculated based on two components: how many times a specific company participated in such events, and how the company was presented at relevant exhibition and fairs. Indices of the cost of advertising and promotion of certain products were provided as well. The present research is a novel approach that consists first in proving that the sales increase effect should not be assigned to advertising only, and second, determining the factors that influence consumer preferences and their share in the total value effect. Moreover, the proposed index of influence of exhibition and trade fair performance results depending on the selected factors is innovative as well. The practical importance of the research results involves a more accurate calculation of the effect caused by activities performed and, consequently, an increase in the efficiency of the business entities.</p>

Audit of the resettlement process: Mallow ward, Muckamore Abbey Hospital

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 901-901
Author(s):  
A. Towobola ◽  
P. McLorinan ◽  
H. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Guideline Implementation ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Target Date ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In accordance with The UN Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, the Bamford Review of Mental Health and Learning Disability of Northern Ireland emphasized the need to establish a new service model for people with learning disability, focusing on their integration in the community. Following the Government's Action plan, guidelines were developed to guide the process of resettlement.This study looked at how well the standards have been met in resettling patients from Mallow ward, the Children’s Learning Disability Unit of Muckamore Abbey Hospital, Antrim, Northern Ireland, given the cost implications of resettling long-stay patients and the impact on the service users.Objectives1. To evaluate the resettlement process2. To identify areas needing developmentMethodsIn January 2010 we identified 14 children admitted between November 2008 (guideline implementation) and March 2009 (ministerial target date). Data collection involved review of case notes and interviewing residential Care managers.ResultsThe admission dates of the children (aged 13 – 19) ranged between March 2003 and March 2009. 11 (79%) children had been resettled in the community. Standards were achieved 100% in several domains including risks assessments, information sharing and patient/carer involvement. 5 (45%) children were discharged within 4 weeks of trial resettlement. Common problems included aggression, seizures, constipation and encopresis. The feedbacks from current placements were mostly positive.DiscussionCompliance with standards ensured smooth resettlement. 45% discharged within 4 weeks of trial resettlement reflects the appropriate focus on patient safety rather than targets. Limited resources impacted on delayed discharge.

scholarly journals The Clinical Impact and Cost Implications of Endoscopic Ultrasound on the Use of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in a Canadian University Hospital

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nassir Alhayaf ◽  
Eoin Lalor ◽  
Vincent Bain ◽  
John McKaigney ◽  
Gurpal Singh Sandha
Keyword(s):  
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ◽  
Endoscopic Ultrasound ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
First Year ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Biliary Imaging

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a safe alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for diagnostic biliary imaging in choledocholithiasis. Evidence linking a decline in diagnostic ERCP with the introduction of EUS in clinical practice is limited.OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical impact and cost implications of a new EUS program on diagnostic ERCP at a tertiary referral centre.PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of data collected during the first year of EUS at the University of Alberta Hospital (Edmonton, Alberta). Patients were referred for ERCP because of suspicion of choledocholithiasis based on clinical, biochemical and/or radiological parameters. If they were assessed to have an intermediate probability of choledocholithiasis, EUS was performed first. ERCP was performed if EUS suggested choledocholithiasis, whereas patients were clinically followed for six months if their EUS was normal. Cost data were assessed from a third-party payer perspective, and cost savings were expressed in terms of ERCP procedures avoided.RESULTS: Over 12 months, 90 patients (63 female, mean age 58 years) underwent EUS for suspected biliary tract abnormalities. EUS suggested choledocholithiasis in 20 patients (22%), and this was confirmed by ERCP in 17 of the 20 patients. EUS was normal in 69 patients, and none underwent a subsequent ERCP during a six-month follow-up period. One patient had pancreatic cancer and did not undergo ERCP. The sensitivity and specificity of EUS for choledocholithiasis were 100% and 96%, respectively. A total of 440 ERCP procedures were performed over the same 12-month period, suggesting that EUS resulted in a 14% reduction in ERCP procedures (70 of 510). There were no complications of EUS. The cost of 90 EUS procedures was $42,840, compared with $108,854 for 70 ERCP procedures. The cost savings for the first year were $66,014.CONCLUSION: EUS appears to be accurate, safe and cost effective in diagnostic biliary imaging for suspected choledocholithiasis. The impact of EUS is the avoidance of ERCP in selected cases, thereby preventing the risk of complications. Diagnostic ERCP should not be performed in centres and regions with physicians trained in EUS.

scholarly journals Journal of Behavioral Finance in retrospect

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-476
Author(s):  
Angelito Calma
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Finance ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Publication History ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact and contribution of the Journal of Behavioral Finance (JBF). Design/methodology/approach It uses the metadata from 328 journal articles (2004–2017) extracted from Scopus and Web of Science. The data included 2,602 author-submitted keywords, 1,825 index keywords and 310 abstracts. Findings Results indicate that JBF is still a young journal with 196 academic articles cited by 372 documents. Most citations come from JBF itself and the Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. Mesly and Seiler are the most published, University of Gothenberg has more contributions than any other institution while the USA, Australia and UK represent nearly half of those citations. Investment policy is the most used author keyword next to behavioural finance, while risk is the most used index keyword. The most commonly used words in abstracts are investor or investors. The implications of and for JBF are discussed. Originality/value It is a unique and novel approach to analysing almost the entire publication history of the journal by using citation analysis.

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