scholarly journals Die Afrikaanse en Nederlandse verkleiningsisteme - 'n vergelyking in metries-fonologiese kader

Literator ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Wissing
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Final Syllable

A comparison of certain aspects of the Afrikaans and Dutch morphological systems may throw some light on the legitimacy and force of competing phonological theories. Trommelen (1982) makes an interesting and very forceful claim within the context of a non-linear metrical-phonolocial (MP-) framework by regarding as irrelevant the role played by factors such as vowel length, type of final consonants and especially accent - which are usually considered as important elements in the (linear) transformational-generative (TG) description of diminutive formation. She is of the opinion that, instead of the abovementioned elements, only the rhyme structure of the final syllable has any relevance. This claim, which has been formulated on the ground of Dutch data, is tested in the present article by referring to diminutive formation in Afrikaans. The plural in Afrikaans is used for purposes of independent evidence. The intuition of Afrikaans speakers is tested by means of a questionnaire. The extent of success achieved by the MP- and the TG-approaches is compared by referring to the results of this present investigation. It is concluded that the MP-claim does not hold fast.

The analysis of Westphalian German Spirantization

Diachronica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Alan Hall
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Linear Representations ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
New Treatment

Westphalian German Spirantization refers to the change from an original prevocalic long vowel to the corresponding short vowel plus fricative (i.e. [ɣ]). For example, the [ɪɣ] sequence in the Westphalian word [klɪɣə] “bran” derived historically from [iː]. The present article offers a new treatment for the historical shift from [iː] to [ɪɣ] — as well as similar ones involving other vowels — which breaks the process down into five separate changes. It is argued that each of these changes modified non-linear representations involving syllables, moras and segmental features. A crucial component of the proposed analysis is that each of the five changes is seen as a repair to a constraint.

scholarly journals Prosodic circumscription in Choctaw morphology

Phonology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lombardi ◽  
John McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Length ◽  
Final Syllable

The theory of PROSODIC CIRCUMSCRIPTION (McCarthy & Prince 1990a) is a general approach to the problem of limiting the domain of rules to less than a morphological constituent. For example, in the Arabic singular/ plural pairs ndub/anaadib ‘locust’ and sulṭaan/salaaṭiin ‘sultan’, vowel length in the final syllable remains unaltered despite significant changes in the shape of the rest of the word. Prosodic circumscription theory partitions the singular base into affected (aun, sul) and unaffected (dib, ṭaan) portions, with only the affected portion mapped onto a light–heavy (or iambic) template.

Generalised mora affixation and quantity-manipulating morphology

Phonology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Trommer ◽  
Eva Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Research Programme ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Autosegmental Phonology ◽  
Non Linear

One of the major attributes of autosegmental phonology is the possibility of reducing procedural techniques of morphological exponence to a generalised concept of concatenation. This research programme, which equates the triggers of non-concatenative processes with affixes consisting of incomplete autosegmental or prosodic representations, is called Generalised Non-linear Affixation in Bermúdez-Otero (2012). In this paper, we argue that the Generalised Non-linear Affixation analysis of segmental lengthening by mora affixation extends naturally to subtractive morphology. Defective (phonetically uninterpretable) integration of an affix mora into the prosodic structure of its base triggers deletion and shortening. We show that this approach derives all major types of quantity-manipulating morphology (vowel shortening, segmental subtraction and vowel-length polarity), and thus demonstrate that Generalised Non-linear Affixation extends fully to subtractive morphology, which has been seen as the ultimate problem for a concatenative reanalysis (Anderson 1992).

scholarly journals Restricting the Power of Cophonologies: A Representational Solution to Stem Allomorphy in Uspanteko

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Köhnlein ◽  
Yuhong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Complex Pattern ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Level Tone

In Uspanteko, a Mayan language spoken in Guatemala, certain possessive prefixes lead to variation in stress and pitch accent and can sometimes trigger vowel length alternations or consonant deletion in roots. We argue that this complex pattern of stem allomorphy can be successfully analyzed within a morpheme-based model of morphology given two assumptions: i. underlying representations can contain metrical templates (e.g. Saba Kirchner 2013, Iosad 2016, Köhnlein 2016, 2019 for recent proposals); ii. pitch-accent contrasts in Uspanteko are a surface exponent of a difference between trochaic (falling tone) and iambic feet (level tone), as proposed in Köhnlein (2019). We claim that our analysis is more restrictive than an earlier account by Bennett & Henderson (2013; henceforth B&H), who divide relevant items into several nominal cophonologies. In analyzing non-concatenative exponence as an epiphenomenon of metrical affixation, our approach is in line with principles of Generalized Non-Linear Affixation (e.g. Bermúdez-Otero 2012, Trommer & Zimmermann 2014).

scholarly journals VOWELS DURATION IN THE EVENKI LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-100
Author(s):  
Olga N. Morozova ◽  
◽  
Svetlana V. Androsova ◽  
Semyon V. Kolesnikov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
The One ◽  
Final Syllable ◽  
Phonological Length ◽  
Fluent Speakers

The present article focuses upon phonological length realization patterns of Selemdzha Evenki vowels. The material of 90 words pronounced in isolation was obtained from 4 subjects, native fluent speakers of Evenki (1 male and 3 females, aged 54-70). They were asked to read each word 3 times to imitate 3 positions in the utterance: initial, medial, and final. As a result of the acoustic analysis, it was found that phonologically long vowels possessed more than 2 times longer duration than that of short vowels. In the group of long vowels, the direct correlation was noted between vowel openness degree and their duration: the more closed the vowel was, the larger duration it had. In the group of short vowels, no dependence of that sort was found: the longest vowels turned out to be the ones of the main triangle /i-a-u/. Vowels /ɜ:-ɜ/ were characterized by the smallest duration in both groups. Comparison of vowel duration in different positions of the Evenki word suggests that, on average, the longest vowel is the one in the final syllable (before a pause), regardless of the number of syllables in the word.

scholarly journals Two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional reaction–diffusion equation in application to sub-diffusion process of the multicomponent fluid in porous media

Meccanica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pandey ◽  
S. Das ◽  
E-M. Craciun ◽  
T. Sadowski
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Equation ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Operational Matrix ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Reaction Diffusion Equation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Linear Algebraic Equations ◽  
Non Linear

AbstractIn the present article, an efficient operational matrix based on the famous Laguerre polynomials is applied for the numerical solution of two-dimensional non-linear time fractional order reaction–diffusion equation. An operational matrix is constructed for fractional order differentiation and this operational matrix converts our proposed model into a system of non-linear algebraic equations through collocation which can be solved by using the Newton Iteration method. Assuming the surface layers are thermodynamically variant under some specified conditions, many insights and properties are deduced e.g., nonlocal diffusion equations and mass conservation of the binary species which are relevant to many engineering and physical problems. The salient features of present manuscript are finding the convergence analysis of the proposed scheme and also the validation and the exhibitions of effectiveness of the method using the order of convergence through the error analysis between the numerical solutions applying the proposed method and the analytical results for two existing problems. The prominent feature of the present article is the graphical presentations of the effect of reaction term on the behavior of solute profile of the considered model for different particular cases.

scholarly journals The status of extrasyllabic consonants in English and German

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 89-117
Author(s):  
Tracy Alan Hall
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Linear Representations ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Status

Since the advent of nonlinear phonology many linguists have either assumed or argued explicitly that many languages have words in which one or more segment does not belong structurally to the syllable. Three commonly employed adjectives used to describe such consonants are 'extrasyllabic', 'extrametrical' or 'stray'. Other authors refer to such segments as belonging to the 'appendix'. [...] Various non-linear representations have been proposed to express the 'extrasyllabicity' of segments [...]. The ones I am concerned with in the present article analyze [...] consonants [...] structurally as being outside of the syllable [...]. For transparency I ignore here both subsyllabic constituency as well as higher level prosodic constituents to which the stray consonants are sometimes assumed to attach. For reasons to be made clear below I refer to syllables [...] in which the stray consonant is situated outside of the syllable, as abstract syllables.  

scholarly journals Non-linear plane gravitational waves as space-time defects

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Carneiro ◽  
S. C. Ulhoa ◽  
J. W. Maluf ◽  
J. F. da Rocha-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Continuum Systems ◽  
Plane Gravitational Waves

AbstractWe consider non-linear plane gravitational waves as propagating space-time defects, and construct the Burgers vector of the waves. In the context of classical continuum systems, the Burgers vector is a measure of the deformation of the medium, and at a microscopic (atomic) scale, it is a naturally quantized object. One purpose of the present article is ultimately to probe an alternative way on how to quantize plane gravitational waves.

Word Stress, Sentence Stress and Syllable Prominence in Nova Scotia Acadian French

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-75
Author(s):  
Phyllis Wrenn
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Physical Measurement ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Word Group ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Acadian French ◽  
Perceptual Judgement ◽  
Final Syllable ◽  
Sentence Stress

The prosody of Acadian French has received relatively little attention in formal analyses of the dialect, though few who are acquainted with this variety of French, whether linguist or not, would hesitate to give an impressionistic judgement when asked to describe it. The delivery (débit) is characteristically slow, the melody “chantante” (‘singsong’). V. Lucci (1972:121) attributes this impression to the large number of accents, represented by repeated short, rapid rises in pitch. At the same time, he notes a feature that has been referred to in other descriptions of Canadian varieties of French (cf.J.-D. Gendron 1966:142–146; M. Boudreault 1968:87–99) that results in rhythmic patterns not encountered, in theory, in standard French. This dialectal feature is pretonic syllable lengthening, which, according to Lucci, although it appears to be an accent, is in reality a preaccent, the articulatory strengthening of the syllable preceding the accented syllable, which, of course, is the final one. This feature, whether in Acadian or in other varieties of French (cf. F. Carton 1980:85), is in fact generally ascribed to the durational characteristics of the vowel; whether or not the resulting syllable prominence should be interpreted as accent (displacement of the tonic accent, pretonic stress) has been a matter of dispute. Both Boudreault and Gendron, it is true, in describing the phenomenon, refrain for the most part from referring either to syllable prominence (perceptual judgement or physical measurement) or to accent. The former, however, does attribute one group of examples to the presence of an accent d’insistance; these examples are, in fact, stressable monosyllables, pretonic in the word group. The remainder, according to him, are a residue of intrinsic, etymologically motivated vowel length, the explanation preferred by Gendron. According to Gendron, the tonic accent still falls on the final syllable, although it is weak (in relation to a stronger pretonic syllable), and he criticizes J.-P. Vinay (1955:75), who speaks of displacement of the tonic accent.

scholarly journals New approach to solutions of a class of singular fractional q-differential problem via quantum calculus

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihua Liang ◽  
Mohammad Esmael Samei
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Existence Of Solutions ◽  
Differential Problem ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Quantum Calculus ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Linear Problems ◽  
Fixed Point Technique

AbstractIn the present article, by using the fixed point technique and the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem on cones, we wish to investigate the existence of solutions for a non-linear problems regular and singular fractional q-differential equation $$ \bigl({}^{c}D_{q}^{\alpha }f\bigr) (t) = w \bigl(t, f(t), f'(t), \bigl({}^{c}D_{q}^{ \beta }f \bigr) (t) \bigr), $$(cDqαf)(t)=w(t,f(t),f′(t),(cDqβf)(t)), under the conditions $f(0) = c_{1} f(1)$f(0)=c1f(1), $f'(0)= c_{2} ({}^{c}D_{q} ^{\beta } f) (1)$f′(0)=c2(cDqβf)(1) and $f''(0) = f'''(0) = \cdots =f^{(n-1)}(0) = 0$f″(0)=f‴(0)=⋯=f(n−1)(0)=0, where $\alpha \in (n-1, n)$α∈(n−1,n) with $n\geq 3$n≥3, $\beta , q \in J=(0,1)$β,q∈J=(0,1), $c_{1} \in J$c1∈J, $c_{2} \in (0, \varGamma _{q} (2- \beta ))$c2∈(0,Γq(2−β)), the function w is $L^{\kappa }$Lκ-Carathéodory, $w(t, x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3})$w(t,x1,x2,x3) and may be singular and ${}^{c}D_{q}^{\alpha }$Dqαc the fractional Caputo type q-derivative. Of course, here we applied the definitions of the fractional q-derivative of Riemann–Liouville and Caputo type by presenting some examples with tables and algorithms; we will illustrate our results, too.

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