scholarly journals PRIME MISURE GEODETICHE E GRAVIMETRICHE NEL ‘700 E ‘800

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Broglia ◽  
Luigi Mussio
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Simple Pendulum ◽  
Data Treatment ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Observatory of Brera in Milan and the Observatories of Vienna and Prague were the three most important astronomic institutions of the Austrian empire. In the same period, in Milan, an experiment, concerning the measurement of the gravimetric perturbations on the simple pendulum movement, was prepared to evaluate the density of the earth. Indeed until that epoch, few researches in this field were performed only in England. Unfortunately after the positive conclusion of this first experiment, difficult political conditions caused the stop of the cooperation among European institutions and blocked also a possible continuation of these experiments at a European scale. In Italy, gravimetric surveying restarted al the end of the 19th century and it continued until the ‘60s of the 20th century. In the previous context (August 1825), a relevant step was the application, for the data treatment, of the least squares method, just four years after its issue in 1821.

Souterrains in Scotland

Antiquity ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 27 (108) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the 19th century students of Scottish archaeology were fascinated by souterrains or earth-houses. In 1877 Joseph Anderson declared that ‘no class of structural remains has been more fully illustrated’, and his statement is supported by an abundance of papers and reports published in the first twelve volumes (1851-78) of the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. As the century drew to its close the earth-house gradually lost its hold on archaeological imagination. There were occasional papers and a few notable discoveries, but on the Whole the first half of the 20th century was a period of stagnation in this not unrewarding field. French scholars peered with organized enthusiasm into their souterrains-refuges, but in Scotland it was the close season for earth-houses. A little of the old interest has lately revived, and this may be an opportune moment to consider some of the more obvious problems that surround these curious structures.

MEMORY OF THE PLACE AS THE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXHIBITION COMPLEX «MESSE BERLIN»

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Екатерина Юрьевна Рыбакова ◽  
Галина Александровна Птичникова ◽  
Игорь Андреевич Бондаренко
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Основная тема статьи - понятие памяти места, которое является важным ассоциативным элементом коллективной памяти. Рассматриваются история развития и архитектура выставочного центра «Messe Berlin» с начала XX века по настоящее время. Прослеживается взаимосвязь основания и дальнейшего расширения комплекса с историческим местом проведения традиционных ярмарок первой четверти XIX века. Выявляются основные этапы модернизации территории ярмарки (1924-1926, 1930-1935, 1969- 1979 годы, 1991 - настоящее время). Анализируются концепции развития выставочного комплекса «Messe Berlin» в связи с меняющимися политическими условиями и требованиями, затрагивается вопрос бережного подхода к сохранению исторических архитектурных объектов вне зависимости от эпохи и политического строя, в период которых состоялось их возведение. The main topic of the article is the concept of «memory of a place», which is an important associative element of collective memory. The history of development and architecture of the Messe Berlin exhibition center from the beginning of the 20th century to the present are considered. The interrelation between the foundation and the further expansion of the complex with the historical venue of traditional fairs of the first quarter of the 19th century is traced. The main stages of modernization of the fair area (1924-1926, 1930-1935, 1969-1979, 1991 - present) are identified. Concepts of the development of the Messe Berlin exhibition complex are analyzed in connection with changing political conditions and requirements, the question of a careful approach to preserving historical architectural objects, regardless of the epoch and political system during which they were erected, is touched upon.

scholarly journals Karashoky, an old wintering in the Aksary Valley in Central Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 6-25
Author(s):  
A. Z. Beisenov ◽  
◽  
N. Sh. Jumanazarov ◽  
I. K. Akhiyarov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Face ◽  
State Registration ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the field seasons of 2019–2020, the authors researched the area of the Besoba village in the Karkaraly district of the Karaganda region. The locality is known for a large number of archeological monuments. The first studies of monuments were held in the 1950s by A. Kh. Margulan (Almaty), A. F. Semyonov (Karaganda), S. V. Kiselyov (Moscow). Nowadays the research is extended. New monuments of the Bronze epochs and Early Iron Age were discovered here, including the Konyrzhon petroglyphs. The mazars (tombs) and wintering camps of the Kazakh time are under research. Excavation works in the surrounding mountains show that a significant number of ancient wintering camps are concentrated in this area. The authors further examined the wintering of Karashoky. The report provides some preliminary results of the study of this monument. These works will be continued in the coming years. Based upon the results of the work, the Karashoky wintering arose in the second half of the 19th century and existed during the first decades of the 20th century. A significant part of the Kazakh winterings in Central Kazakhstan have already disappeared from the face of the earth and the rest is quickly decaying. Therefore, there is the urgency for the organization of state registration and protection of these important monuments, as well as their scientific study.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SHIP-ACCOUNTING PRACTICES TO 1900: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE VESSELS

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The U.S

Accounting has always been utilitarian in nature. It adapts to the changes in the business environment by meeting the need for new types of information. The change in waterborne transportation in the U.S. during the 19th century provides an example of such an environmental change that led to a need for accounting adaptation. With the advent of the steamboat, old accounting methods were modified and new ones created to meet the changes in the business environment. In the process, a standardized ships-accounting model was developed. The model can be seen in the accounting records of three ships that sailed at the beginning of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Catalogue of the primatological collection of the Torino University

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Calvini ◽  
Maria Stella Siori ◽  
Spartaco Gippoliti ◽  
Marco Pavia
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The revised catalogue of primatological material stored in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino and in the Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi of the Università degli Studi di Torino and belonging to the historical material of the Torino University is introduced. The material, 494 specimens belonging to 399 individuals of 122 taxa, is of particular importance since specimens were mainly obtained during the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century. A relevant part of the collection was created by the collaborators of the Museum, among which it is worth to mention F. De Filippi, A. Borelli and E. Festa, while other material came from purchases and donations from private people or the Royal Zoological Garden of Torino. Great part of the specimens is stuffed but also the osteological materials are of particular importance, as many of them derived from the specimens before being prepared and consisting of skulls or more or less complete skeletons. After this revision, the Lectotype and Paralectotypes of <em>Alouatta</em> <em>palliata</em> <em>aequatorialis</em> have been selected, and the type-specimen of the <em>brunnea</em> variety of <em>Cebus</em> <em>albifrons</em> <em>cuscinus</em> has been recognized. In addition, some specimens of particular historical-scientific importance have also been identified and here presented for the first time.

scholarly journals Most Frequent Problems of Building Structures of Urban Apartment Buildings from 2nd Half of 19th Century and the Start of 20th Century

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Klara Kroftova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Horizontal Load ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.

The origins of syncopation in American popular music

Popular Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
David Temperley
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Vocal Music ◽  
Piano Music ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
American Popular Music ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Fourth Position

AbstractThe origins of syncopation in 20th-century American popular music have been a source of controversy. I offer a new account of this historical process. I distinguish between second-position syncopation, an accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit, and fourth-position syncopation, an accent on the fourth quarter of such a unit. Unlike second-position syncopation, fourth-position syncopation tends to have an anticipatory character. In an earlier study I presented evidence suggesting British roots for second-position syncopation. in contrast, fourth-position syncopation – the focus of the current study – seems to have had no presence in published 19th-century vocal music, British or American. It first appears in notation in ragtime songs and piano music at the very end of the 19th century; it was also used in recordings by African-American singers before it was widely notated.

Zum Aufstieg und Niedergang des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland 1800-2010 - ein Forschungsprojekt

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.

Politieke statistiek in België : Oproep bij het einde van 170 jaar België

Res Publica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
Wilfried Dewachter
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Static View ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

The great promises that "Statistik" yielded in the 19th century in Belgium, did  not materialise. At least as far as political statistics are concerned. In the second half of the 20th century the output was rather limited and thus very incomplete, not very professionally conceived and elaborated, disorderly provided, strongly related to an outrunned institutional approach and thus quite conservative in its orientation, veiled in inaccurate categories with the static view rather dominant. Therefore, starting from a global approach of the 3 P's (=polity, politics and policy), a rebuilding is necessary. This should provide for an inventory of existing statistical data and -above all -a masterplan to achieve a straightforward view on the 3 P's in Belgium: polity, politics and policy. A polyarchy has the right and the need to in depth information that is as complete as feasible. Statistics are very handy tools to provide this information to both policymakers and citizens.

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