scholarly journals Misunderstandings about developmental dyslexia: a historical overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Smirni ◽  
Luigi Vetri ◽  
Eliana Misuraca ◽  
Marco Cappadonna ◽  
Francesca Felicia Operto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Visual Defect ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Phonological Decoding ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Linguistic Code ◽  
History Of

History of the reading disorder not due to an intellectual disability, inadequate teaching systems or poor motivation to study, referred to as developmental dyslexia, has very remote origins. The first attempts explain the disorder as a primary ‘visual defect’. Since then, several models have been developed until autopsy and histo-pathological studies on the brains of developmental dyslexics provided neuroanatomical evidence on the structural and morphologic differences between normal and dyslexic brains. In addition, the new neuroimaging technologies have allowed to understand the neural systems of reading and dyslexia. According to recent studies, developmental dyslexia appears as a neurodevelopmental multicomponent language-related disorder with a deficit in phonological decoding and in visuospatial organization of linguistic code. As a result, rehabilitation must be focused on the recovery of language and visuo-spatial and attentional processes underlying the complex and multi-component developmental dyslexia. This brief overview should be a valid tool for a deeper understanding of the dyslexic disorder. Literature searches in Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science identified one hundred articles focusing attention on how this disorder has been considered over the years.

“Tennis Leg”: A State-of-the-Science Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 216507992096196
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Domeracki
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Tennis Elbow ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Related Case ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Working Age ◽  
History Of

Background: Tennis leg (TL), a musculotendon injury to the gastrocnemius, has been associated with the eponymous sport since 1883. This article examines the historical context of TL as a sports compared with an occupational injury. This was juxtaposed with the history of tennis elbow, a tendon injury to the upper extremity also associated with sport. Methods: Bibliometric databases (PubMed, Web of Science [WOS], Hathi Trust) were keyword-searched; relevant citations were investigated in depth. Results: The search yielded 71 citations for TL (PubMed). The majority ( n = 43) were key word linked to sport terms; only one was linked to work-related search terms. Furthermore, none of the top four cited publications (Web of Science) alluded to work-related risk factors in TL in full textual analysis. Hathi Trust yielded the earliest work-related case, reported in a non-biomedical source. Tennis elbow was more frequently reported ( n = 189 citations in PubMed) and more frequently linked ( n = 193; 9.7%) to occupational search terms. Conclusion/Application to Practice: The history of TL, juxtaposed with tennis elbow, demonstrates how nosology can influence but does not wholly explain disease attribution, potentially to the detriment of taking into account occupational causality. The lack of recognition of occupational factors revealed in this literature search was notable because TL occurred most commonly in males of working age. By providing perspective on how historical context and nosology can affect the conceptualization of disease, this review may help inform prevention, treatment, and regulatory policy.

Impact of childhood maltreatment and resilience on behavioral and neural patterns of inhibitory control during emotional distraction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Demers ◽  
Ruskin H. Hunt ◽  
Dante Cicchetti ◽  
Julia E. Cohen-Gilbert ◽  
Fred A. Rogosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Behavioral Regulation ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
History Of ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Abstract Exposure to childhood maltreatment (CM) may disrupt typical development of neural systems underlying impulse control and emotion regulation. Yet resilient outcomes are observed in some individuals exposed to CM. Individual differences in adult functioning may result from variation in inhibitory control in the context of emotional distractions, underpinned by cognitive–affective brain circuits. Thirty-eight healthy adults with a history of substantiated CM and 34 nonmaltreated adults from the same longitudinal sample performed a Go/No-Go task in which task-relevant stimuli (letters) were presented at the center of task-irrelevant, negative, or neutral images, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The comparison group, but not the maltreated group, made increased inhibitory control errors in the context of negative, but not neutral, distractor images. In addition, the comparison group had greater right inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral frontal pole activation during inhibitory control blocks with negative compared to neutral background images relative to the CM group. Across the full sample, greater adaptive functioning in everyday contexts was associated with superior inhibitory control and greater right frontal pole activation. Results suggest that resilience following early adversity is associated with enhanced attention and behavioral regulation in the context of task-irrelevant negative emotional stimuli in a laboratory setting.

scholarly journals Multisensory Spatial Attention Deficits Are Predictive of Phonological Decoding Skills in Developmental Dyslexia

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Facoetti ◽  
Anna Noemi Trussardi ◽  
Milena Ruffino ◽  
Maria Luisa Lorusso ◽  
Carmen Cattaneo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
Decoding Skills ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Phonological Decoding ◽  
Decoding Accuracy ◽  
Deficit Theory

Although the dominant approach posits that developmental dyslexia arises from deficits in systems that are exclusively linguistic in nature (i.e., phonological deficit theory), dyslexics show a variety of lower level deficits in sensory and attentional processing. Although their link to the reading disorder remains contentious, recent empirical and computational studies suggest that spatial attention plays an important role in phonological decoding. The present behavioral study investigated exogenous spatial attention in dyslexic children and matched controls by measuring RTs to visual and auditory stimuli in cued-detection tasks. Dyslexics with poor nonword decoding accuracy showed a slower time course of visual and auditory (multisensory) spatial attention compared with both chronological age and reading level controls as well as compared with dyslexics with slow but accurate nonword decoding. Individual differences in the time course of multisensory spatial attention accounted for 31% of unique variance in the nonword reading performance of the entire dyslexic sample after controlling for age, IQ, and phonological skills. The present study suggests that multisensory “sluggish attention shifting”—related to a temporoparietal dysfunction—selectively impairs the sublexical mechanisms that are critical for reading development. These findings may offer a new approach for early identification and remediation of developmental dyslexia.

scholarly journals Problems of the Medical Staff and Supporting Them in Fighting Against COVID‐19 Epidemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysooda Hooshmand Imanloo ◽  
Hossein Sharafi ◽  
Fatima Rezaei ◽  
Ayda Hooshmand Imanloo ◽  
Farzaneh Barkhordari
Keyword(s):  
Medical Staff ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Physical Problems ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Poor Social Support ◽  
Psychological Pressure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis

Background: COVID‐19 has a significant impact on public health and poses a challenge to medical staff, especially to front‐line medical staff who are exposed to and in direct contact with patients. Medical staff were under enormous physical and psychological pressure due to overwork, high risk of infection, and isolation during COVID-19. Methods: The aim of this study was to review the literature on health problems of medical staff and supporting program for them during COVID-19 pandemic disease. Literature searches were performed on the following databases: Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, SID, Iranmedax and Magiran. The types of articles published during the outbreak that were relevant to the subject were searched. Results: A review of the literature showed that current research focuses on assessing several aspects of COVID-19-induced mental health in medical staff. Stress, anxiety, sleep disorders, depression, burnout, fatigue and physical problems are among the serious issues of the medical staff in the front line of the Corona fight. Various demographic variables such as gender, occupation, long working hours, history of mental illness and psychological variables such as poor social support, self-efficacy were important risk factors. Conclusion: Regular screening of medical staff involved in the treatment and diagnosis of patients with COVID-19 should be performed to assess physical and psychological problems using multidisciplinary psychiatric teams.

scholarly journals Impact of Non-Confinement Accommodation on Farrowing Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Farrowing Crates Versus Pens

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dannielle Glencorse ◽  
Kate Plush ◽  
Susan Hazel ◽  
Darryl D’Souza ◽  
Michelle Hebart
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Partial Confinement ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Piglet Survival

There are conflicting reports regarding the effect of farrowing house accommodation on piglet performance. The aim of this investigation was to use a systematic review and meta-analyses to summarise the results of publications that focused on direct comparisons between full confinement conventional crates and various designs of loose-housed farrowing pens from loading until weaning. Literature searches in Scopus, BIOSIS Previews, Cab Abstracts, and Web of Science identified 6695 articles. Twenty-two publications were retained for the systematic review and individual meta-analyses after screening for inclusion criteria. The random effects meta-analyses were performed on crate versus pen for number of piglets born alive, number of stillborn piglets, pre-weaning mortality, and number of piglets weaned. Additionally, the modifiers of confinement length (no confinement from loading until weaning or partial confinement for shorter periods of time in the early stages post parturition), enrichment (no enrichment or enrichment provided), and pen size (small, medium, or large) were examined. There was a 14% increase in the relative risk of piglet mortality in farrowing pens when they were compared with crates (p = 0.0015). The number of stillborns per litter was not different between the pen and crate. However, when providing enrichment in the pens, there was an increase in stillborns within farrowing crates versus pens (p = 0.009). There was no overall effect on piglets that were born alive or number weaned. As there is no difference between piglets born alive and mortality is significantly higher in farrowing pens, a reduction in the number of piglets weaned was expected but not observed, which was possibly due to the lack of weaning details provided in the publications. This was the first systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on the performance of farrowing accommodation and identified that farrowing pens do compromise post-natal piglet survival. Future efforts should focus on improving sow comfort in the farrowing crate to maximize both piglet and sow welfare.

Evaluation of Research Trends in Knowledge Management: A Hybrid Analysis through Burst Detection and Text Clustering

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Sohrabi ◽  
Iman Raeesi Vanani ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Jafar Jalali ◽  
Ehsan Abedin
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Text Clustering ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Hybrid Analysis ◽  
Burst Detection ◽  
Publication Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Domain

This paper aims to analyze the content of validated journal articles related to Knowledge Management (KM) in more than 18,000 papers of the Web of Science (WoS) database and then provide the most recent specific trends in KM field using text mining and burst detection to help researchers invest in the most challenging and fruitful areas of KM research domain. The method for finding the recent trend of KM includes the following steps: Conducting searches and collecting the publication data from WoS; using a hybrid analysis through burst detection and text clustering; also enriching and analyzing the results in order to achieve an overall perspective about the KM position and the popularity among researchers. This study could be valuable for researchers and KM specialists as well as managers as they may study the history of a subject by getting the structure of its scientific productions, so as to purposefully plan and determine the research priorities in KM.

Family-Only Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Petersson ◽  
Susanne J. M. Strand
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
The Family ◽  
The One

This article presents the first systematic review of family-only intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators (as originally proposed by Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart). The aims of the present review were to summarize and describe the prevalence of the family-only perpetrator subtype, as well as to investigate what characteristics were associated with perpetrators within this subtype. Electronic literature searches in several databases (e.g., PsychINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed) were carried out. Of the 3,434 studies identified, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria as well as the methodological quality criteria. Thematic analyses were conducted, where several themes and subthemes were identified. The proportion of family-only perpetrators, averaged across sample types, was 47.5%. Drawing on the thematic analyses of the reviewed studies, family-only perpetrators presented as a less violent subtype, displaying several pro-social personality traits, as well as a lower degree of psychopathology. The findings were in line with Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart’s predictions. The findings also demonstrated the utility of a 2-fold typology, consisting of a family-only and a generally violent (GV) subtype, as well as the need to reconsider the one-size-fits-all approach to IPV treatment. We also included a discussion of the terminology of the subtypes and propose an adoption of the terms “partner only violent” and “generally violent” subtypes.

scholarly journals Fundamentos teóricos y factores explicativos de la Violencia filio-parental. Un estudio de Alcance.

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Jeannet Arias Rivera ◽  
María Victoria Hidalgo García
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Single Parenthood ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Year 2000

La violencia filio-parental es un fenómeno de marcada prevalencia con consecuencias negativas a nivel individual, familiar y social.  El objetivo de este estudio de alcance fue identificar los factores explicativos y la fundamentación teórica del fenómeno. Se revisaron estudios en inglés y español desde el año 2000, de las bases: Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Eric y Dialnet Plus, identificando 57 estudios relevantes. Se encontraron como factores explicativos recurrentes: la monoparentalidad, la cohesión, el estrés y disciplina familiar, el historial de violencia, problemas escolares, trastornos clínicos y la relación con iguales violentos. Se destaca la concurrencia con la violencia escolar, entre hermanos y en las relaciones de noviazgo. Los fundamentos teóricos utilizados se pueden clasificar en psicológicos, comunicacionales, criminológicos, sociológicos y modelos integrativos más amplios (Ecosistémicos, Fenomenológicos y Constructivistas). La revisión realizada no arrojó datos sobre patrones de interacción, estrategias de afrontamiento y percepciones sociales alrededor de la VFP que puedan influir en las familias implicadas en estas situaciones. Child-to-parent violence is a phenomenon with a fairly high prevalence rate and negative consequences at an individual, family and social level.  The aim of this scoping review was to identify the theoretical frameworks and explanatory factors for this phenomenon. The review comprised studies written in English and Spanish since the year 2000, from the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC and Dialnet Plus. A total of 57 relevant studies were identified. The recurrent explanatory factors were: single parenthood, cohesion, stress, family discipline, history of violence, problems at school, clinical disorders and violent peer relationships. The concurrence of school, sibling and dating violence was particularly noteworthy. The theoretical frameworks referred to can be grouped into psychological, communicational, criminological, sociological and broader integrative models (Ecosystemic, Phenomenological and Constructivist). No data was found on interaction patterns, coping strategies or social perceptions of CPV which may influence families immersed in these kinds of situations.

Trouble Panique et Alcoolisme: Influence de la Comorbidité

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Chignon ◽  
J.P. Lépine
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Both epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of panic disorder among alcoholic patients. In contrast, little attention has been given to studying alcohol abuse and/or dependence in patients suffering from panic disorder. One hundred and fifty-five consecutive referrals for treatment for panic disorder were interviewed using a modified version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Version, modified for the study of anxiety disorders. Thirty-two patients (20.7%) had a lifetime history of alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Although the lifetime comorbidity rate of either agoraphobia and/or social phobia seems without any influence on the risk of alcohol-related disorder, alcoholic patients suffering from panic disorder appear to be more likely to have a history of depression and other addictive disorders. The majority of patients with primary alcoholism were male, and those who became alcoholics after they developed panic disorder were more likely to be female. The comparison between patients with primary and secondary alcoholism did not indicate any difference in the comorbidity rate with other psychiatric disorders nor the severity of panic disorder.

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