scholarly journals Update on statural growth and pubertal development in obese children

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara De Leonibus ◽  
M. Loredana Marcovecchio ◽  
Francesco Chiarelli
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Pubertal Onset ◽  
Obesity Status ◽  
Increased Risk

Childhood obesity is a growing and alarming problem, associated with several short-term and long-term metabolic and cardiovascular complications. In addition, it has also been suggested that excess adiposity during childhood influences growth and pubertal development. Several studies have shown that during pre-pubertal years, obese patients present higher growth velocity and that this pre-pubertal advantage tends to gradually decrease during puberty, leading to similar final heights between obese and non-obese children. Excess body weight might also influence pubertal onset, leading to earlier timing of puberty in girls. In addition, obese girls are at increased risk of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome. In boys, a clear evidence does not exist: some studies suggesting an earlier puberty associated with the obesity status, whereas other have found a delayed pubertal onset. Overall, the existing evidence of an association between obesity and modification of growth and pubertal patterns underlines a further reason for fighting the epidemics of childhood obesity.

Polycystic ovary syndrome: a contemporary clinical approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelica Bjekić-Macut ◽  
Tamara Vukašin ◽  
Zelija Velija-Ašimi ◽  
Azra Bureković ◽  
Marija Zdravković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitizer ◽  
Central Type ◽  
Increased Risk

: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent endocrine disease in women during reproductive period. It is considered a complex metabolic disorder with long-term metabolic, as well as reproductive consequences. Main pathophysiological pathways are related to the increased androgen levels and insulin resistance. Nowadays, genetic origins of PCOS are acknowledged, with numerous genes involved in the pathogenesis of hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, inflammation and disturbed folliculogenesis. Rotterdam diagnostic criteria are most widely accepted and four PCOS phenotypes have been recognized. Metabolic abnormalities are more common in phenotypes 1 and 2. Women with classic PCOS are more obese and typically have central type of obesity, more prevalently displaying dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome that could be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications during life. Heterogeneity of phenotypes demands an individualized approach in the treatment of women with PCOS. Metabolic therapies involve a lifestyle intervention followed by the introduction of insulin sensitizers including metformin and inositols, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), as recently sodium glucose contransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Addition of an insulin sensitizer to the standard infertility therapy such as CC improves ovulation and pregnancy rates. Our current review analyzes the contemporary knowledge of PCOS etiology and etiopathogenesis, its cardiometabolic risks and their outcomes, as well as therapeutic advances for women with PCOS.

Trends in Childhood Obesity Research: A Brief Analysis of NIH-Supported Efforts

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry T-K Huang ◽  
Mary N. Horlick
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Obesity Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Economic Well Being

Childhood obesity continues to rise in the United States, with now over 17% of children and adolescents considered overweight. Childhood obesity predisposes an entire generation to increased risk of chronic diseases and disabilities and is a severe threat to the economic well-being of the nation. At first thought, the solution to the obesity epidemic may seem simple: encourage people to eat less and exercise more. However, the reality is that behavioral change is difficult to achieve without also considering the interplay of genetics, biological processes, and social and environmental mechanisms. As such, investment in obesity research has been considered an important tool to combat obesity and obesity-related diseases. Childhood obesity research, in particular, has drawn considerable attention, given the lower cost of prevention relative to treatment and the high potential for long-term benefits at a population level.

scholarly journals Circulating miR-206 and Wnt-signaling are associated with cardiovascular complications and a history of preeclampsia in women

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny Schlosser ◽  
Amanpreet Kaur ◽  
Natalie Dayan ◽  
Duncan J. Stewart ◽  
Louise Pilote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Molecular Determinants ◽  
History Of

Abstract Women with a history of preeclampsia (PE) have increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. However, the molecular determinants underlying this risk remain unclear. We sought to understand how circulating miRNA levels are affected by prior PE, and related to biological pathways underpinning cardiovascular disease. RNA sequencing was used to profile plasma levels of 2578 miRNAs in a retrospective study of women with a history of PE or normotensive pregnancy, in two independent cohorts with either acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n = 17–18/group) or no ACS (n = 20/group). Differential miRNA alterations were assessed in relation to a history of PE (within each cohort) or ACS (across cohorts), and compared with miRNAs previously reported to be altered during PE. A history of PE was associated with altered levels of 30 and 20 miRNAs in the ACS and non-ACS cohorts, respectively, whereas ACS exposure was associated with alterations in 259 miRNAs. MiR-206 was identified at the intersection of all comparisons relating to past/current PE and ACS exposure, and has previously been implicated in atherogenic activities related to hepatocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Integration of all differentially altered miRNAs with their predicted and experimentally validated targets in silico revealed a number of highly targeted genes with potential atherogenic functions (including NFAT5, CCND2 and SMAD2), and one significantly enriched KEGG biological pathway (Wnt signaling) that was shared between all exposure groups. The present study provides novel insights into miRNAs, target genes and biological pathways that may underlie the long-term cardiovascular sequelae of PE.

Obesity in Childhood

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Michael Rosenbaum ◽  
Rudolph L. Leibel
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
Significant Disease

It is estimated that as many as 25% of children and 30% of adults in the United States are obese. Clinicians need little reminding of the intractable nature of this disorder and the need for more effective and long-lasting therapies, Obesity in childhood may lay the foundation of the degenerative cardiovascular diseases that may or may not be grossly evident until adulthood. Obese children manifest many of the same disturbances (eg, hyperinsulism, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension) as obese adults. Tracking studies of obesity, hypertension, and serum lipid values from childhood to adulthood have indicated that these variables track well, ie, that the obese, hypertensive, hyperlipidemic child is likely to remain obese, hypertensive, and hyperlipidemic throughout many years. The observation that hyperlipidemia, obesity, and other factors associated with an increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease that are noted in childhood tend to persist into adulthood emphasizes the importance of screening in selected children to identify those at risk for subsequent morbidity. Pediatricians should recognize obesity as a significant disease entity with both immediate and long-term consequences. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR OBESITY IN CHILDREN Obesity is a maladaptive increase in the amount of energy stored as fat. "Optimal" body fat stores for a given individual depend upon factors such as age, intercurrent health, genotype, and environment.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular complications of obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Cascella ◽  
Francesco Giallauria ◽  
Domenico Tafuri ◽  
Gaetano Lombardi ◽  
Annamaria Colao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Adulthood Transition ◽  
The Relationship

Obesity is one of the major coronary risk factor representing an increasingly important worldwide health problem. The increased prevalence of obesity among younger population is likely to have long-term implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity plays a central role in the insulin resistance syndrome and contributes to increase the risk of atherosclerotic CVD. The present review will examine the relationships among cardiovascular risk factors during the childhood-adolescence-adulthood transition. In fact, the relationship between obesity (especially visceral obesity) and CVD appears to develop at a relatively young age. The foremost physical consequence of obesity is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and polycystic ovary syndrome represents an intriguing example of obesity-related cardiovascular complications affecting young women.

Obese children are thin in parents’ eyes: A psychologically, socially, or culturally driven bias?

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Hochdorn ◽  
Vicente P Faleiros ◽  
Brigido V Camargo ◽  
Andréa BS Bousfield ◽  
João FR Wachelke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Evaluation Bias ◽  
Obesity Status ◽  
Cultural Processes

Although obesity presents a serious health problem in children, parents often underestimate their children’s overweight and obesity status. Therefore, scientific literature was systematically screened through PubMed and PsycINFO to demonstrate the psychological, social, and cultural processes that underlie this evaluation bias. A total of 37 papers that focused on research conducted in different geopolitical contexts were taken into account. Furthermore, a lexicometric analysis of the papers’ conclusions was performed. The findings showed that education plays a key role in promoting parents’ awareness and their realistic recognition of their children’s weight. Accordingly, adequate educational support for parents should be implemented in all healthcare policies addressing childhood obesity.

scholarly journals Study of oxidative stress biomarkers in obese children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 3335
Author(s):  
Avni Kanji Fariya ◽  
Bina F. Dias
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Plasma Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: The objective is to study the oxidative stress in obese and non-obese children by assessing the biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) respectively. Childhood obesity is a growing global epidemic that requires attention due to the burden placed on the healthcare system for children and adults. Consumption of fatty foods and a high sugar, fat diet, and no exercise qualify as the main reasons for obesity among children and adults. Childhood obesity is connected with an increased risk of various diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, stroke, certain types of cancer later in life, social problems and depression among youths. Obesity is also characterized by chronic low grade inflammation with permanently increased oxidative stress (OS). Over-expression of oxidative stress damages cellular structures together with under-production of anti-oxidant mechanisms, leading to the development of obesity-related complications.Methods: The study involved 25 obese children for Vitamin C, 20 obese children for Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 18 non obese children for both Vitamin C and MDA in the age group of 5-14 years, without any complications. This study was conducted at L.T.M.M College. Plasma Ascorbic Acid was estimated colorimetrically by using 2,6- dicholrophenol indophenol dye and similarly Malondialdehyde was estimated colorimetrically by MDA-TBA colored complex.Results: The study showed significantly higher values of MDA and lower level of Vitamin C in obese children as compared with non-obese children.Conclusions: The levels of lipid peroxidation marker Malondialdehyde (MDA) is higher and level of antioxidant marker Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) is lower in obese children as compared with non-obese children. Thereby increasing oxidative stress and hence the oxidative damage to cells.

scholarly journals Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a systemic disease with multiple molecular pathways: a narrative review

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. L. Carvalho ◽  
Fernando M. dos Reis ◽  
Ana Lucia Candido ◽  
Fernanda F. C. Nunes ◽  
Claudia N. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Polycystic Ovaries ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms

AbstractPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, amenorrhea, and polycystic ovaries. This endocrinopathy is associated with many metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular complications. Inflammation is likely to play an important role in the promoting these metabolic imbalances, while prothrombotic and pro-oxidative mechanisms further contribute to the cardiovascular risk of these patients. The etiology of PCOS is still not fully understood, but there is evidence of genetic and environmental components. This review aims to discuss some molecular pathways associated with PCOS that could contribute to the better understanding about this syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that intrauterine exposure of female mice to an excess of anti-Müllerian hormone may induce PCOS features in their post-natal life. High cytokine levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms also appear to be associated with the pathophysiology of PCOS. Furthermore, high levels of microparticles may contribute to the altered hemostasis and enhanced inflammation in PCOS. All these mechanisms may be relevant to clarify some aspects of PCOS pathogenesis and inspire new strategies to prevent the syndrome as well as treat its symptoms and mitigate the risk of long-term complications.

scholarly journals Early life household intactness and timing of pubertal onset in girls: a prospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Aghaee ◽  
Julianna Deardorff ◽  
Louise C. Greenspan ◽  
Charles P. Quesenberry ◽  
Lawrence H. Kushi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Interval Censoring ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Pubertal Onset ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Girls who experience early-life familial stress may have heightened risk of early puberty, which has adverse implications for adolescent and adult health. We assessed the association between household intactness and pubertal onset using a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of girls from Northern California. Methods A prospective cohort study of 26,044 girls born in 2003-10. Girls living with both parents from birth up to 6 years were considered to come from “intact” households while others constituted “non-intact” households. Pubertal development was measured using pediatrician-assessed Tanner staging for breast and pubic hair. Pubertal onset was defined as the transition from Tanner Stage 1 to 2+ for breast (thelarche) and pubic hair (pubarche). Menarche data was collected from routine well-child questionnaires. Weibull regression models accommodating left, right, and interval censoring were used to determine risk of earlier thelarche and pubarche, and logistic regressions were used to assess the risk of early menarche (age < 12). Results Girls exposed to non-intact households before age 2 years were at increased risk for earlier thelarche and pubarche with significant effect modification by race/ethnicity, compared with girls from intact households. The associations were strongest among Black girls (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29,1.98; HR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.15,1.77 for thelarche and pubarche, respectively). There were no significant associations among Asian/Pacific Islanders. Girls who lived in non-intact households before age 2 years were also at increased risk for earlier menarche, but without race/ethnic interaction. Adjustment for prepubertal obesity did not change these associations. Associations between living in non-intact households after age 2 years and early puberty were weaker but still significant. Conclusions Exposure to a non-intact household early in life may increase the risk of early puberty in girls. Future psychosocial interventions focused on improving family cohesiveness and efforts to reduce childhood stress among families that are non-intact may mitigate these negative associations, thereby preventing future adverse health effects of early puberty and health disparities.

scholarly journals Pattern and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents aged 10-18 years: a community based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1344
Author(s):  
K. Jothilakshmi ◽  
Vadivel Vinoth ◽  
Suvetha Kannappan
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: The prevalence and magnitude of childhood obesity is increasing in pediatric age group. Incidence of metabolic syndrome is high among obese children and adolescents leading to increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity in long term. For this reason, recognition of metabolic syndrome in obese children is of great importance.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study carried out among children aged 10-18 years from both urban and rural schools in Coimbatore. Children were screened, sample for metabolic studies collected after consent and analyzed.Results: Total 1582 children in the age group of 10-18 years were screened. 300 children were recruited. Among the studied group, 19.3% were overweight, 30.7% were obese. Metabolic syndrome was present in 55.1% of obese and overweight children. Hyperinsulinemia was present in 30% of obese children.Conclusions: This study done in adolescent school children showed a strong association between obesity and early onset of metabolic syndrome. Early intervention with lifestyle modifications is strongly recommended to prevent long term cardiovascular morbidity. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document