scholarly journals Revisiting cefditoren for the treatment of community-acquired infections caused by human-adapted respiratory pathogens in adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-José Giménez ◽  
Lorenzo Aguilar ◽  
Juan José Granizo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Tract Infections

Fifteen years after its licensure, this revision assesses the role of cefditoren facing the current pharmacoepidemiology of resistances in respiratory human-adapted pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis). In the era of post- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and in an environment of increasing diffusion of the ftsI gene among H. influenzae isolates, published studies on the cefditoren in vitro microbiological activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmcodynamic (PK/PD) activity and clinical efficacy are reviewed. Based on published data, an overall analysis is performed for PK/PD susceptibility interpretation. Further translation of PK/PD data into clinical/microbiological outcomes obtained in clinical trials carried out in the respiratory indications approved for cefditoren in adults (tonsillitis, sinusitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia) is commented. Finally, the role of cefditoren within the current antibiotic armamentarium for the treatment of community respiratory tract infections in adults is discussed based on the revised information on its intrinsic activity, pharmacodynamic adequacy and clinical/bacteriological efficacy. Cefditoren remains an option to be taken into account when selecting an oral antibiotic for the empirical treatment of respiratory infections in the community caused by human-adapted pathogens, even when considering changes in the pharmacoepidemiology of resistances over the last two decades.

Role of natural and synthetic immunotropic agents in the prevention of acute respiratory infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
G.G. Maryin ◽  
◽  
A.V. Tutelyan ◽  
O.A. Gruzdeva ◽  
Yu.A. Goloverova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (influenza, acute respiratory infections (ARIs), community-acquired pneumonia, etc.) pose a serious threat to organized groups (including military personnel, cadets, students of military universities, and schools). The most common complication of ARI is community-acquired pneumonia, severe forms of which may result in an unfavorable outcome. The use of some drugs, such as Carmolis ensures a 2.0–3.8 times reduction in the incidence of ARIs in organized groups and a 2.3–3.0 times reduction in the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia. Carmolis has a pronounced non-specific protective effect and increases resistance to respiratory tract infections by promoting nonspecific resistance of the organism. This prevents significant economic damage and reduces the number of complications and poor outcomes. Keywords: organized groups, biological and social emergencies, respiratory tract infections, community-acquired pneumonia, acute respiratory infections, coronavirus infection, Carmolis, non-specific resistance, non-specific prevention of acute respiratory infections, epidemiological effectiveness

scholarly journals Respiratory viruses in adults with acute respiratory tract infections

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
JING CHEN ◽  
Xiaoguang Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ying Jia ◽  
Jie Xu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract Background: Respiratory viruses are the main pathogens of acute respiratory infections. Viral respiratory pathogens in children are well studied, but the study on adults are limited. So we design this subject to determine viral respiratory pathogens in patients with acute respiratory tract infections of adults. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study for the patients with acute respiratory infections from June, 2017 through July, 2018 at Fever Clinic in Peking University Third Hospital. We collected throat swab from the patients diagnosed with acute upper respiratory tract infections and sputum or throat swab diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. RT-PCRs were performed to detect infection with the following virus: human rhinovirus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, human coronavirus 229E/HKU1，Coronavirus OC43/NL63、ADV, RSV, PIV1-4, hMPV and EV. Results：185 throat swabs and sputum were collected from outpatients. Overall, 23.8% (44/185) were found to be positive for at least one respiratory virus. The virus detection rate for AURTIs and CAP was 23.3% (14/60) and 24.0 % (30/125), respectively. The most prevalent viruses detected were IFVs (13.5%, 25/185), PIVs (3.24%, 6/185) and HRVs (2.70%, 5/185). In the Influenza Virus, the highest positive detection rate is 21.4%（6/28）in the group >60 years old, while 11.0%( 14/127) in the group <40 years old and 13.3% (4/30) (P<0.05). Conclusion: In one-year study, IFVs were the dominant pathogens both in acute upper respiratory tract infections and community-acquired pneumonia, followed by PIVs and HRVs. The patients in the group >60 years old had a higher rate of influenza infection

scholarly journals 2018 recommendations for the management of community acquired pneumonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo de Amorim Corrêa ◽  
Andre Nathan Costa ◽  
Fernando Lundgren ◽  
Lessandra Michelin ◽  
Mara Rúbia Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Prognostic Score ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Microbiota

ABSTRACT Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the vast diversity of respiratory microbiota, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most prevalent pathogen among etiologic agents. Despite the significant decrease in the mortality rates for lower respiratory tract infections in recent decades, CAP ranks third as a cause of death in Brazil. Since the latest Guidelines on CAP from the Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT, Brazilian Thoracic Association) were published (2009), there have been major advances in the application of imaging tests, in etiologic investigation, in risk stratification at admission and prognostic score stratification, in the use of biomarkers, and in the recommendations for antibiotic therapy (and its duration) and prevention through vaccination. To review these topics, the SBPT Committee on Respiratory Infections summoned 13 members with recognized experience in CAP in Brazil who identified issues relevant to clinical practice that require updates given the publication of new epidemiological and scientific evidence. Twelve topics concerning diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive issues were developed. The topics were divided among the authors, who conducted a nonsystematic review of the literature, but giving priority to major publications in the specific areas, including original articles, review articles, and systematic reviews. All authors had the opportunity to review and comment on all questions, producing a single final document that was approved by consensus.

scholarly journals National and Regional Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance among Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Pathogens Identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem Surveillance Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 4382-4389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Critchley ◽  
Steven D. Brown ◽  
Maria M. Traczewski ◽  
Glenn S. Tillotson ◽  
Nebojsa Janjic
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Surveillance studies conducted in the United States over the last decade have revealed increasing resistance among community-acquired respiratory pathogens, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, that may limit future options for empirical therapy. The objective of this study was to assess the scope and magnitude of the problem at the national and regional levels during the 2005-2006 respiratory season (the season when community-acquired respiratory pathogens are prevalent) in the United States. Also, since faropenem is an oral penem being developed for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections, another study objective was to provide baseline data to benchmark changes in the susceptibility of U.S. respiratory pathogens to the drug in the future. The in vitro activities of faropenem and other agents were determined against 1,543 S. pneumoniae isolates, 978 Haemophilus influenzae isolates, and 489 Moraxella catarrhalis isolates collected from 104 U.S. laboratories across six geographic regions during the 2005-2006 respiratory season. Among S. pneumoniae isolates, the rates of resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and cefdinir were 16, 6.4, and 19.2%, respectively. The least effective agents were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and azithromycin, with resistance rates of 23.5 and 34%, respectively. Penicillin resistance rates for S. pneumoniae varied by region (from 8.7 to 22.5%), as did multidrug resistance rates for S. pneumoniae (from 8.8 to 24.9%). Resistance to β-lactams, azithromycin, and SXT was higher among S. pneumoniae isolates from children than those from adults. β-Lactamase production rates among H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis isolates were 27.4 and 91.6%, respectively. Faropenem MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited were 0.5 μg/ml for S. pneumoniae, 1 μg/ml for H. influenzae, and 0.5 μg/ml for M. catarrhalis, suggesting that faropenem shows promise as a treatment option for respiratory infections caused by contemporary resistant phenotypes.

scholarly journals The Role of Herbal and Nutritional Treatments in the Fight against COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Tract Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12001
Author(s):  
Aline El Zakhem ◽  
May Annie Chalhoub ◽  
Maya Bassil
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

With the growing spread of COVID-19 worldwide, the appeal to alternative and nutritional therapies in conjunction with medical therapies has been heightened. This article aims to review studies assessing the roles of Chinese traditional medicine and nutrition in upper respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Various Chinese herbal protocols have been shown to fight respiratory infections, with several having been tested on the novel coronavirus. Additionally, promising findings have been reported when medical treatments were complemented with nutritional interventions. Supplementation with vitamins C and D, Zinc and Selenium are discussed, in addition to certain phytochemicals and food that also possess immunoregulatory and antiviral properties. Further clinical studies are needed to establish these alternative treatments as part of the management of emerging respiratory infections.

Role of Human Coronaviruses in Acute Respiratory Infections and Seroprevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in children

2020 ◽  
Vol EJMM29 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Ghada A. Fahmy ◽  
Dina M. Erfan ◽  
Sondos M. Magdy ◽  
Rania A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Coronaviruses have been the focus of many studies since the emergence of SARS-CoV. Data on the role of MERS-CoV in respiratory tract infection and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in Egypt are limited. Objective: This study aimed to determine the role of coronaviruses in respiratory tract infections and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in pediatric age group. Methodology: Respiratory samples were collected from 80 children with respiratory infections for detection of coronaviruses using PCR technique. Serum samples were collected from 200 children for detection of MERS-CoV IgG immunolglobulins. Results: 4 out of 80 (5%) of the respiratory samples tested positive for coronavirus (OC43 subtype). None of respiratory samples tested positive for MERS-CoV, while MERS-CoV IgG was detected in 1% of serum samples.Conclusion: A low prevalence of coronaviruses was observed in children with respiratory infection. A seroprevalence of 1% MERS-CoV was detected. Further studies are recommended on larger scale.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 among Hospitalized Children in Northwest of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Zahra Ramezannia ◽  
Javid Sadeghi ◽  
Shahram Abdoli Oskouie ◽  
Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee ◽  
Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Background. Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the leading cause of illnesses in children. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are among the most common etiologic agents associated with viral respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the spread of infections of these two viruses in northwest Iran. Objective. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the frequency of RSV and HPIV-3 and clinical features among Iranian children with confirmed respiratory infections between April 2019 and March 2020. Methods. 100 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients (under 5 years old) with ARTI from Tabriz Children’s Hospital. Detection of respiratory viruses was performed using the nested RT-PCR method. Results. Respiratory syncytial virus and HPIV-3 were recognized in 18% (18/100) and 2% (2/100) of children, respectively. Ten (55.6%) of the RSV-positive samples were male, while 8 (44.4%) were female. HPIV‐3 was found only among 2 male patients (100%). Most patients (61.1%) with RSV infection were less than 12 months old. Additionally, samples that were positive for HPIV-3 were less than 12 months old. RSV infections had occurred mainly during the winter season. Conclusions. This study confirms that RSV can be one of the important respiratory pathogens in children in northwestern Iran. However, according to this study, HPIV-3 has a lower prevalence among children in this area than RSV. Therefore, implementing a routine diagnosis for respiratory pathogens can improve the management of respiratory infections in children.

scholarly journals Ambroxol Treatment Suppresses the Proliferation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Murine Lungs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 880
Author(s):  
Dávid Kókai ◽  
Dóra Paróczai ◽  
Dezső Peter Virok ◽  
Valéria Endrész ◽  
Renáta Gáspár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Immunomodulating Effect ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Tract Infections

Ambroxol (Ax) is used as a mucolytics in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Ax, at a general dose for humans, does not alter Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in mice. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-chlamydial effect of Ax at a concentration four timed higher than that used in human medicine. Mice were infected with C. pneumoniae and 5-mg/kg Ax was administered orally. The number of recoverable C. pneumoniae inclusion-forming units (IFUs) in Ax-treated mice was significantly lower than that in untreated mice. mRNA expression levels of several cytokines, including interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-23, IL-17F, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and surfactant protein (SP)-A, increased in infected mice treated with Ax. The IFN-γ protein expression levels were also significantly higher in infected and Ax-treated mice. Furthermore, the in vitro results suggested that the ERK 1/2 activity was decreased, which is essential for the C. pneumoniae replication. SP-A and SP-D treatments significantly decreased the number of viable C. pneumoniae IFUs and significantly increased the attachment of C. pneumoniae to macrophage cells. Based on our results, a dose of 5 mg/kg of Ax exhibited an anti-chlamydial effect in mice, probably an immunomodulating effect, and may be used as supporting drug in respiratory infections caused by C. pneumoniae.

scholarly journals Dysbiosis in Pediatrics Is Associated with Respiratory Infections: Is There a Place for Bacterial-Derived Products?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Stefania Ballarini ◽  
Giovanni A. Rossi ◽  
Nicola Principi ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Recurrent Wheezing ◽  
System A ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common in childhood because of the physiologic immaturity of the immune system, a microbial community under development in addition to other genetic, physiological, environmental and social factors. RTIs tend to recur and severe lower viral RTIs in early childhood are not uncommon and are associated with increased risk of respiratory disorders later in life, including recurrent wheezing and asthma. Therefore, a better understanding of the main players and mechanisms involved in respiratory morbidity is necessary for a prompt and improved care as well as for primary prevention. The inter-talks between human immune components and microbiota as well as their main functions have been recently unraveled; nevertheless, more is still to be discovered or understood in the above medical conditions. The aim of this review paper is to provide the most up-to-date overview on dysbiosis in pre-school children and its association with RTIs and their complications. The potential role of non-harmful bacterial-derived products, according to the old hygiene hypothesis and the most recent trained-innate immunity concept, will be discussed together with the need of proof-of-concept studies and larger clinical trials with immunological and microbiological endpoints.

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