A chromosomal investigation of some European species of Haliplidae (Coleoptera)

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Powell ◽  
Robert B. Angus
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
European Species ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

The karyotypes of 15 European species of Haliplidae are described and illustrated. The sex chromosomes are X0 in <em>Brychius elevatus </em>and Peltodytes caesus, and XY in 13 species of <em>Haliplus</em>. The number of autosome pairs is 16 in <em>Peltodytes caesus</em>, 19 in <em>Brychius elevatus</em>, 17 in <em>Haliplus (Liaphlus) fulvus,</em> 15 in H. <em>(L.) variegatus</em>, 14 in H. <em>(L.) flavicollis</em>, 11 in <em>H. (L.) laminatus</em>, 9 in <em>H. (L.) mucronatus</em>, and 11 in <em>H. (Haliplidius)</em> obliquus and <em>H. (H.) confinis</em>, <em>H. (Neohaliplus) lineatocollis</em> and five species of <em>H. (Haliplus).</em> It is suggested that the X0 sex chromosome system, the most common in the Adephaga, is plesiotypic for Haliplidae, and that the XY systems are a synapomorphy of the family, and are neo-XY in origin. There is no good evidence of Xyp systems of the type found in Polyphaga. The diversity of karyotypes shown by species of the subgenus <em>Liaphlus</em> is contrasted with the near uniformity shown by other groups. Interspecific differences between karyotypes are noted.

Sex chromosome systems of European noterid beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga: Noteridae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Bilton
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
European Species ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

AbstractThe karyotypes and sex chromosome systems of the four European species of noterid beetles are described. Chromosome preparations were made from the mid-gut and testes of adult beetles by acetic acid spreading. Canthydrus diophthalmus was found to have a chromosome compliment of 2n = 16 + XX/XY. A multiple sex chromosome system was common to the three species of Noterus investigated (2n = 18 + X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y). The behaviour of Noterus sex chromosomes during early meiosis was examined and is discussed, along with the occurrence of multiple sex chromosome systems in other Adephaga.

scholarly journals Evolution of a Multiple Sex-Chromosome System by Three-Sequential Translocations among Potential Sex-Chromosomes in the Taiwanese Frog Odorrana swinhoana

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Ikuo Miura ◽  
Foyez Shams ◽  
Si-Min Lin ◽  
Marcelo de Bello Cioffi ◽  
Thomas Liehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Brown Frog ◽  
Male Specific

Translocation between sex-chromosomes and autosomes generates multiple sex-chromosome systems. It happens unexpectedly, and therefore, the evolutionary meaning is not clear. The current study shows a multiple sex chromosome system comprising three different chromosome pairs in a Taiwanese brown frog (Odorrana swinhoana). The male-specific three translocations created a system of six sex-chromosomes, ♂X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3 -♀X1X1X2X2X3X3. It is unique in that the translocations occurred among three out of the six members of potential sex-determining chromosomes, which are known to be involved in sex-chromosome turnover in frogs, and the two out of three include orthologs of the sex-determining genes in mammals, birds and fishes. This rare case suggests sex-specific, nonrandom translocations and thus provides a new viewpoint for the evolutionary meaning of the multiple sex chromosome system.

scholarly journals A new sympatric region for distinct karyotypic forms of Hoplias malabaricus (Pisces, Erythrinidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (1b) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Born ◽  
L. A. C. Bertollo
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Female Specimen ◽  
Male Specimen ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Sympatric Cytotypes

Specimens of Hoplias malabaricus from Lagoa Carioca, an isolated lake of the Rio Doce State Park (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil), were cytogenetically studied. The diploid number was found to be constant, i.e., 2n = 42 chromosomes, although two karyotypic forms were found: karyotype A, characterized by 22M + 20SM chromosomes, observed only in a male specimen, and karyotype B, characterized by 24M + 16SM + 2ST and 24M + 17SM + 1ST chromosomes in female and male specimens, respectively. This sex difference found in karyotype B is related to an XX/XY sex chromosome system. Another female specimen of H. malabaricus, also carrying karyotype A, had previously been found in the same lake. The available data indicate that two sympatric cytotypes of H. malabaricus exist in the Lagoa Carioca, with cytotype A occurring at a lower frequency and differing from cytotype B by undifferentiated sex chromosomes.

scholarly journals The probability of fusions joining sex chromosomes and autosomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 20200648
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Anderson ◽  
Carl E. Hjelmen ◽  
Heath Blackmon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Sexual Antagonism ◽  
Form Expression ◽  
Chromosome Fusion ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heterogametic Sex

Chromosome fusion and fission are primary mechanisms of karyotype evolution. In particular, the fusion of a sex chromosome and an autosome has been proposed as a mechanism to resolve intralocus sexual antagonism. If sexual antagonism is common throughout the genome, we should expect to see an excess of fusions that join sex chromosomes and autosomes. Here, we present a null model that provides the probability of a sex chromosome autosome fusion, assuming all chromosomes have an equal probability of being involved in a fusion. This closed-form expression is applicable to both male and female heterogametic sex chromosome systems and can accommodate unequal proportions of fusions originating in males and females. We find that over 25% of all chromosomal fusions are expected to join a sex chromosome and an autosome whenever the diploid autosome count is fewer than 16, regardless of the sex chromosome system. We also demonstrate the utility of our model by analysing two contrasting empirical datasets: one from Drosophila and one from the jumping spider genus Habronattus . We find that in the case of Habronattus , there is a significant excess of sex chromosome autosome fusions but that in Drosophila there are far fewer sex chromosome autosome fusions than would be expected under our null model.

Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes and Their DNA Content in Fish: An Insight through Satellite DNA Accumulation in Megaleporinus elongatus

2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Crepaldi ◽  
Patricia P. Parise-Maltempi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Satellite Dna ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Graph Based Clustering

The repetitive DNA content of fish sex chromosomes provides valuable insights into specificities and patterns of their genetic sex determination systems. In this study, we revealed the genomic satellite DNA (satDNA) content of Megaleporinuselongatus, a Neotropical fish species with Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1W1Z2W2 multiple sex chromosomes, through high-throughput analysis and graph-based clustering, isolating 68 satDNA families. By physically mapping these sequences in female metaphases, we discovered 15 of the most abundant satDNAs clustered in its chromosomes, 9 of which were found exclusively in the highly heterochromatic W1. This heteromorphic sex chromosome showed the highest amount of satDNA accumulations in this species. The second most abundant family, MelSat02-26, shared FISH signals with the NOR-bearing pair in similar patterns and is linked to the multiple sex chromosome system. Our results demonstrate the diverse satDNA content in M. elongatus, especially in its heteromorphic sex chromosome. Additionally, we highlighted the different accumulation patterns and distribution of these sequences across species by physically mapping these satDNAs in other Anostomidae, Megaleporinusmacrocephalus and Leporinusfriderici (a species without differentiated sex chromosomes).

scholarly journals Chromosome fusions shape an ancient UV sex chromosome system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Carey ◽  
Jerry Jenkins ◽  
Adam C. Payton ◽  
Shenqiang Shu ◽  
John T. Lovell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Chromosome Fusions ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Suppressed Recombination ◽  
Reference Genomes

AbstractSex chromosomes occur in diverse organisms, but their structural complexity has often prevented evolutionary analyses. Here we use two chromosome-scale reference genomes of the moss Ceratodon purpureus to trace the evolution of the sex chromosomes in bryophytes. Comparative analyses show the moss genome comprises seven remarkably stable ancestral chromosomal elements. An exception is the sex chromosomes, which share thousands of broadly-expressed genes but lack any synteny. We show the sex chromosomes evolved over 300 million years ago and expanded via at least two distinct chromosomal fusions. These results link suppressed recombination between the sex chromosomes with rapid structural change and the evolution of distinct transposable element compositions, and suggest haploid gene expression promotes the evolution of independent female and male gene-regulatory networks.One Sentence SummaryMoss sex chromosomes retain thousands of broadly-expressed genes despite millions of years of suppressed recombination.

scholarly journals Evolution of sex chromosomes is prior to speciation in the dioecious Phoenix species

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emira Cherif ◽  
Salwa Zehdi ◽  
Amandine Crabos ◽  
Karina Castillo ◽  
Nathalie Chabrillange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Suppressed Recombination

Understanding the driving forces and molecular processes underlying dioecy and sex chromosome evolution, leading from hermaphroditism to the occurrence of male and female individuals, is of considerable interest in fundamental and applied research. The genus Phoenix, belonging to the family Arecaceae, consists of only dioecious species. Phylogenetic data suggests that the genus Phoenix diverged from a hermaphroditic ancestor shared with its closest relatives. Here we investigated the evolution of suppressed recombination within the genus Phoenix as a whole by extending the analysis of P. dactylifera sex-related loci to eight other species within the genus. We also performed a phylogenetic analysis of a date palm sex-linked PdMYB1 gene in these species. We found that X and Y sex-linked alleles clustered in a species-independent fashion. Our data show that sex chromosomes evolved before the diversification of the extant dioecious species. Furthermore, the distribution of Y haplotypes revealed two male ancestral paternal lineages which may have emerged prior to speciation.

scholarly journals Seed sexing revealed female bias in two Rumex species

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmara Kwolek ◽  
Andrzej J. Joachimiak
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Ratio Bias ◽  
Sex Ratio Bias ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Female Bias

Sex-ratio bias in seeds of dioecious <em>Rumex</em> species with sex chromosomes is an interesting and still unsettled issue. To resolve gender among seeds of <em>R. acetosa</em> and <em>R. thyrsiflorus</em> (two species with an XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system), this work applied a PCR-based method involving DNA markers located on Y chromosomes. Both species showed female-biased primary sex ratios, with female bias greater in <em>R. acetosa</em> than in <em>R. thyrsiflorus</em>. The observed predominance of female seeds is consistent with the view that the female biased sex ratios in <em>Rumex </em>are conditioned not only postzygotically but also prezygotically.

scholarly journals Extreme heterogeneity in sex chromosome differentiation and dosage compensation in livebearers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulia Darolti ◽  
Alison E. Wright ◽  
Benjamin A. Sandkam ◽  
Jake Morris ◽  
Natasha I. Bloch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Chromosome Differentiation ◽  
Shared Ancestry ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Suppressed Recombination

ABSTRACTOnce recombination is halted between the X and Y chromosome, sex chromosomes begin to differentiate and transition to heteromorphism. While there is a remarkable variation across clades in the degree of sex chromosome divergence, far less is known about variation in sex chromosome differentiation within clades. Here, we combined whole genome and transcriptome sequencing data to characterise the structure and conservation of sex chromosome systems across Poeciliidae, the livebearing clade that includes guppies. We found that the Poecilia reticulata XY system is much older than previously thought, being shared not only with its sister species, Poecilia wingei, but also with Poecilia picta, which diverged 30 mya. Despite the shared ancestry, we uncovered an extreme heterogeneity across these species in the proportion of the sex chromosome with suppressed recombination, and the degree of Y chromosome decay. The sex chromosomes in P. reticulata are largely homomorphic, with recombination persisting over a substantial fraction. However, the sex chromosomes in P. picta are completely non-recombining and strikingly heteromorphic. ln addition to being highly divergent, the sex chromosome system in P. picta includes a neo-sex chromosome, the result of a fusion between the ancestral sex chromosome and part of chromosome 7. Remarkably, the profound degradation of the ancestral Y chromosome in P. picta is counterbalanced by the evolution of complete dosage compensation in this species, the first such documented case in teleost fish. Our results offer important insight into the initial stages of sex chromosome evolution and dosage compensation.

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