Diritto alla salute, equità e governance delle malattie neglette e della povertà / Right to health, equity and governance of neglected diseases and poverty

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-493
Author(s):  
Elena Mancini

L’articolo esamina la salute quale diritto umano fondamentale nelle principali Carte internazionali. Sarà in particolare ricostruito il percorso storico-concettuale che ha portato al riconoscimento della natura complessa e inclusiva del diritto alla salute. Il fallimento delle politiche sanitarie mirate a sconfiggere singole malattie - come avvenuto nel caso della malaria - ha imposto una maggiore attenzione verso i determinanti sociali della salute, dando origine ad un processo che ha portato a concepire la salute quale problema di equità internazionale la cui soluzione richiede la realizzazione di condizioni sociali, economiche e ambientali e la promozione di libertà umane fondamentali. Il diritto a godere del più alto livello di salute ricomprende oltre al diritto all’accesso a cure mediche e a farmaci di qualità, anche la disponibilità di misure igieniche, di corrette informazioni sanitarie e la protezione di libertà fondamentali quali la libertà dall’esclusione sociale e il possesso di titoli per l’accesso concreto alle cure essenziali primarie. Viene proposta una interpretazione dei diversi modelli di giustizia sanitaria elaborati per l’individuazione delle priorità nella utilizzazione delle risorse sanitarie, nella pianificazione degli interventi anche a livello internazionale e per la valutazione dei risultati da questi conseguiti in termini di equità e di protezione dei diritti umani. Sono esaminati gli indicatori e i parametri utilizzati per monitorare la progressiva realizzazione del diritto alla salute e l’efficacia degli interventi internazionali nel promuovere l’accesso universale alle cure con particolare attenzione alle strategie di contrasto delle malattie neglette e della povertà. In particolare viene illustrato il modello delle libertà sostanziali quali “capacitazioni” teorizzato da Amartya Sen e sviluppato da Martha Nussbaum nelle sue possibili applicazioni nell’ambito dell’accesso universale alle cure e delle possibili linee di azione della solidarietà internazionale.----------The aim of this article is to study health as a fundamental right in the main International Charters. We want to underline the historical and conceptual way that led to the recognition of the complex and inclusive nature of right to health. The failure of some sanitary policies supposed to defeat some illnesses – as it happened for malaria fever – obliged to give a better attention towards the social and economic determinants of health and consider the process that led to a new meaning of health: health as a problem of international equity. To realize this goal, is necessary, first of all, to understand social, economic and environmental conditions and to promote fundamental human freedoms. The right to enjoy a good level of health means not only to have the right to access to medical treatments or to high qualities medicines, but also to have a high level of sanitary measures and a correct sanitary information and to enjoy the right of freedom in order to avoid social exclusion and to obtain the access to primaries health treatment. In this article there is a proposal to help a better interpretation of the different models of justice in health care which are supposed to define equity in allocating main resources that are necessary to the international planning of the interventions. The results reached by international health policies are evaluated with regard to equity and protection of human rights. This proposal analyses the indicators and the parameters used to realize and control the progressive realization of the right to health and the impact of the international interventions used in order to promote a universal access to treatments; in particular it examines the strategies used against the neglected tropical diseases. In details it explains the model of substantial freedoms as capabilities, as it has been theorized by Amartya Sen and developed by Martha Nussbaum, used in their possible applications with regards to universal access to treatments and also to feasible international solidarity actions.

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Maryam Ishaku Gwangndi ◽  
Yahaya Abubakar Muhammad ◽  
Sule Musa Tagi

When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted the environment is degraded. Environmental degradation results from factors such as urbanisation, population growth, intensification of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation, climate change, pollutions arising from many sources such as technological activities. It is explored that as a result of the dynamic interplay of socio-economic factors and technological activities amongst many other factors, these have devastating consequences on human health. Thus environmental degradation consequences affect the health and the right to health of the people. Using the doctrinal method of research, we examine the confluence of environmental degradation and health from a rights perspective. An unhealthy environment possess health hazards consequently a violation of the right to health. The article recommends that states’ obligation under international law to protect the right to health should be enforceable. Human beings are entitled to right to health even as the environment needs to be protected from activities which cause environmental degradation.


Author(s):  
Flood Colleen M ◽  
Thomas Bryan

This chapter examines both the power and limitations of litigation as a means of facilitating accountability for the advancement of public health. While almost half of the world’s constitutions now contain a justiciable right to health, the impact of litigation has been mixed. Judicial accountability has, in some cases, advanced state obligations to realize the highest attainable standard of health, but in other cases, litigation has threatened the solidarity undergirding public health systems. There is significant country-to-country variation in interpreting health-related human rights, as well as differing views of the proper role of courts in interpreting and enforcing these rights. Surveying regional human rights systems and national judicial efforts to address health and human rights, it is necessary to analyze how courts have approached—and how they should approach—litigation of the right to health and health-related human rights to improve health for all.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Moss ◽  
Zoe Gutzeit ◽  
Ranit Mishori ◽  
Nadav Davidovitch ◽  
Dani Filc

After 18 years of providing government-subsidised medical insurance for children of undocumented migrants, the Israeli Ministry of Health (MOH) decided in 2018 to abruptly reverse its policy. Many children will have access to medical care only in cases of emergency. The policy change is set to potentially impact several thousands of children currently living or born in Israel. The non-profit, humanitarian sector is already seeing the impact on undocumented migrant children, with dozens of families reaching out to Physicians for Human Rights Israel to seek help accessing care for their children. These policy changes seem to be politically motivated, aiming to exclude undocumented communities from the public healthcare system as part of a general strategy of encouraging them to leave Israel. Such actions are antithetical to public health, human rights and medical ethics considerations. The Israeli Medical Association is beginning to challenge the stance of the MOH. To conform to international guidelines—both legal and medical—government ministries and relevant official bodies must follow the advice of the medical community to ensure respect for the right to health.


2021 ◽  
pp. 220-241
Author(s):  
Carlos Lema Añón

The COVID-19 pandemic has particularly affected Spain in 2020. Although the specific causes and Spain’s response—as well as the aspects to be improved—are yet to be evaluated, many experts agree that this crisis has magnified some of the problems of the Spanish health system, highlighting the problems derived from the cuts in the capacities of the health and public health systems. We assess the current situation from the perspective of the right to health in its twofold dimension: health care and social determinants. For this purpose, we look into the configuration of the right to health in Spain and how the economic crisis and austerity policies affected it. In particular, we consider the impact both on institutional health care systems and in terms of social determinants of health. Finally, we make several proposals for strengthening the right to health.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (59) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Gustavo Silveira BORGES ◽  
Taciana Damo CERVI ◽  
Thami Covatti PIAIA

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal investigar o crescimento do movimento antivacinação e a complexidade ético-jurídica na ponderação do exercício da autonomia parental na recusa vacinal, os direitos das crianças e a tutela da saúde pública. Metodologia: O estudo adota o método de abordagem hipotético-dedutivo e o método de procedimento analítico por meio da revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: A pesquisa identifica os desafios relacionados à promoção da saúde infantil no contexto de consagração da pós-verdade; demonstra estatisticamente a redução no índice de doenças mediante a implementação de políticas públicas de vacinação e de que os benefícios da imunização prevalecem sobre os riscos. Contribuições: A partir da análise realizada, identifica no cenário de internet e pósverdade o impacto da tecnologia algorítmica na atual construção dos papéis sociais que estimulam a expansão de posturas negacionistas a partir de especulações ou inverdades propagadas pela mídia, o que reforça a necessidade de formulação de estratégias para uma conscientização verdadeira, atinente à proteção jurídica universal do direito humano à saúde. Ao final, ressalta a importante atuação do Estado para coibir a recusa vacinal, bem como a participação da sociedade civil na formulação de estratégias para a efetivação do direito à saúde. Palavras-chave: Movimento antivacinação; saúde; direitos humanos; pós-verdade. ABSTRACT Objective: The research analyses the growth of the anti-vaccine movement and the ethic-legal complexity in pondering the use of parental autonomy in vaccines refusal, children rights and the protection of public health. Methodology: The study adopts the hypothetical-deductive approach and the analytical procedure method through bibliographic review. Results: The research identifies the challenges related to children health promoting in the post-truth context consecration; it shows statistically the reduction in the diseases index with implementation of vaccine related public policies and that the benefits of immunization prevail under the risks attached to it. Contributions:The research identifies the internet and post-truths scenarios and the impact of algorithmic technology in the current construction of social roles that incentive the expansion of denial postures through speculations of untruths propelled by the media, which reinforces the need of the formulation of strategies for a real enlightenment towards a universal legal protection of the human right to health. Finally, the study highlights the important performance of the State to deter vaccines refusal, as well as to the participation of civil society in the formulation of strategies to turn in effect the right to health. Keywords: Anti-vaccine movement; health; human rights; post-truth.


The Lancet ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 370 (9587) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Beyrer ◽  
Juan Carlos Villar ◽  
Voravit Suwanvanichkij ◽  
Sonal Singh ◽  
Stefan D Baral ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154
Author(s):  
Dan R. Stiver

Baptists are commonly considered to have a distinctive emphasis on the priesthood of all believers, which came to be translated early in the twentieth century by the premier Baptist theologian E. Y. Mullins as “soul competency” ( Axioms of Religion, chap. 3). Mullins’s version has fallen on hard times as he has been criticized in Baptist life from both the right and the “moderate” sides as too individualistic and captive to American culture. This article revisits soul competency in light of the more recent emphases on the “capable self” in the philosophers Martha Nussbaum, Amartya Sen, and Paul Ricoeur. Nussbaum’s approach concerns human capabilities in terms of global political distribution of goods ( Creating Capabilities) as well as does Sen ( The Idea of Justice); Ricoeur considers the capable self in ethical, political, and religious terms (“ Asserting Personal Capacities and Pleading for Mutual Recognition” and “ Religious Belief” in A Passion for the Possible). In contrast to Mullins’s more modernistic optimism about the self, Nussbaum, Sen, and Ricoeur consider the suffering self along with their emphasis on the powers of the self; as such, in the light of their thought, soul competency or capability could be seen to presuppose not the autonomous Enlightenment self but a thoroughly situated self immersed in social bonds with other people. Such a dialogue, I propose, can inject fresh twenty-first century meaning into Mullins’s ideas of a century ago. Although the ideas of the priesthood of all believers and soul competency have been distinctively Baptist emphases, they are certainly not uniquely Baptist nor even of Baptist origin; their understanding has ramifications far beyond Baptists. In that sense, their revivification can have reverberations beyond Baptist life. In addition, such a dialogue injects a religious dimension into the wider global and philosophical discussions of Nussbaum, Sen, and Ricoeur.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tricia Bogossian ◽  

This study aims to discuss the right to health, comparing collective and individual health and analyzing the impact of judicialization on the Unified Health System (SUS). Therefore, it addresses the right to health, presenting its concept and minimum content; discusses the principle of integrality; discusses the judicial control of public policies, weighing up the reserve of the possible and the minimum existential; and defends the prioritization of public policies that benefit the community. As a methodology, bibliographic research was adopted based on the literary review of books, articles and legislation that are dedicated to the theme in order to seek solutions to reduce expenses with judicialization.


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