scholarly journals Identification of tuberculosis infection and sociodemographic risk among children who come into household contact with tuberculosis in Medan, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazidah A. Siregar ◽  
Lita Sri Andayani ◽  
Mhd. Makmur Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Household Contact ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Sociodemographic Risk ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Tb Control Program ◽  
Control Study

Although the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Medan remains high, cases of TB infection among children who come into household contact with adult TB patients is still low (5.4%). The purpose of the study was to investigate the proportion of TB infection among children in the households of adult TB patients and to identify risk factors for TB infection in this population. This study was an unmatched case control study with a total of 86 study participants and a case:control ratio of 1:1. Tuberculosis skin tests and assessment with TB scoring for children were performed to determine TB infection. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regressions. The results showed positive tuberculin tests in 17 of the 43 children who had household contact with TB (39.5%). It can be concluded that the proportion of tuberculosis infection among children in households where they have contact with adult TB patients is higher than before. Therefore, it is recommended to identify children at high risk for TB and improve TB control program to minimize the risk factors.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection among primary health care workers in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Nascimento do Prado ◽  
Lee W. Riley ◽  
Mauro Sanchez ◽  
Geisa Fregona ◽  
Renata Lyrio Peres Nóbrega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Tb Control Program

Health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from occupational exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for LTBI among primary HCW in five Brazilian cities. We conducted a cross-sectional study, from 2011 to 2013, among primary HCW, using a structured questionnaire and an evaluated for LTBI using the Quantiferon-TB Gold in-tube test. The magnitude of the associations was assessed using hierarchical logistic regression models. Among 708 HCW, the LTBI prevalence was 27% (n = 196; 95%CI: 24%-31%). We found that the following factors were positively associated with LTBI in primary HCW: age > 50 years (OR = 2.94; 95%CI: 1.44-5.99), absence of a BCG scar (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.28-3.43), self-reported ex-smoker status (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.04-3.11), being a nurse (OR = 2.97; 95%CI: 1.13-7.83), being a nurse technician (OR = 3.10; 95%CI: 1.26-7.60), being a community health agent (OR = 2.60; 95%CI: 1.06-6.40), and irregular use of N95 masks (OR = 2.51; 95%CI: 1.11-5.98). In contrast, HCWs who do not work in health care facilities with a TB control program were less likely to have LTBI (OR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.45-0.97). This study demonstrated a substantial occupational risk of LTBI among primary HCW in Brazil. The Brazilian TB control program, as well as local programs, need to target these high-risk HCW with education, as well as with better personal protective equipment to prevent acquisition of new TB infection.

Risk Factors for gyrA and parC Mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie C. Cluzet ◽  
Ebbing Lautenbach ◽  
Irving Nachamkin ◽  
Mark S. Cary ◽  
Neil O. Fishman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Control Study

OBJECTIVEThe major mechanism of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) is modification of target proteins in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, most commonly the gyrA and parC subunits. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for PSA with and without gyrA or parC mutations.DESIGNCase-case-control studySETTINGTwo adult academic acute-care hospitalsPATIENTSCase 1 study participants had a PSA isolate on hospital day 3 or later with any gyrA or parC mutation; case 2 study participants had a PSA isolate on hospital day 3 or later without these mutations. Controls were a random sample of all inpatients with a stay of 3 days or more.METHODSEach case group was compared to the control group in separate multivariate models on the basis of demographics and inpatient antibiotic exposure, and risk factors were qualitatively compared.RESULTSOf 298 PSA isolates, 172 (57.7%) had at least 1 mutation. Exposure to vancomycin and other agents with extended Gram-positive activity was a risk factor for both cases (case 1 odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.13; OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03–1.26; case 2 OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03–1.14; OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01–1.25, respectively).CONCLUSIONSExposure to agents with extended Gram-positive activity is a risk factor for isolation of PSA overall but not for gyrA/parC mutations. FQ exposure is not associated with isolation of PSA with mutations.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7

scholarly journals Tuberculosis among Aboriginal and Nonaboriginal Persons in British Columbia

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Wang ◽  
K Noertjojo ◽  
RK Elwood ◽  
J Mark FitzGerald
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Directly Observed Therapy ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tb 53 ◽  
Tb Control Program ◽  
Control Study

OBJECTIVE:To compare cases of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed among aboriginal persons with a random sample of nonaboriginal persons diagnosed with TB, and evaluate the trends in rates of disease between both groups during the same period.DESIGN:A case-control study.SETTING:A provincial TB control program.PATIENTS AND METHODS:All patients with TB diagnosed among aboriginal persons in British Columbia between 1992 and 1996 were compared with control patients diagnosed during the same period. For each patient a control patient was identified.INTERVENTION:The demographic details, type of disease, bacteriology, risk factors for TB, therapy received as well as mode of administration were documented. The number of contacts identified for each patient as well as the number of patients completing chemoprophylaxis were identified. The rates of disease during the same period were also documented.RESULTS:During the study, 202 patients with TB were diagnosed among aboriginal persons and 201 controls were chosen. Apart from age at diagnosis (35.1±20 years versus 45.7±19.7), differences in the prevalence of lymphadenopathy (5.9% versus 16.4%, P=0.0008) and pleural disease (21.3% versus 16.4%, P=0.00008), there were no differences in presentation between aboriginal and nonaboriginal people. Aboriginal people were more likely to have a  history of contact with a patient with TB (53% versus 17.9%, PÃ0.05), to have received directly observed therapy (55% versus 33.8%, P=0.00002) and to have contacts who were purified protein derivative (PPD) positive (4±9 versus 2±3, P=0.002). These contacts were more likely to start isoniazid (2±3 versus 1±1, P=0.002). Overall, there was a significant decline in rates of TB among aboriginal persons compared with the general population, but there was a small increase in rates among all subjects in the final year of the study.CONCLUSIONS:In the present study, significant variations in rates of TB among different population groups in British Columbia were found. During the study period, there was a greater decline in the rates of TB among aboriginal persons. A greater use of directly observed therapy and greater use of chemoprophylaxis occurred among aboriginal persons, which may have contributed to this decline, or alternatively, it simply reflects the natural evolution of the TB epidemic.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Conversion in a State Prison

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hung ◽  
Steven Shelton ◽  
Gary Rischitelli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative ◽  
Medical Chart Review ◽  
Prison Health ◽  
Male Inmates ◽  
Control Study

A case-control study determined the risk factors for latent tuberculosis (TB) conversion among Oregon Department of Correction (ODOC) inmates from July 2000 - July 2001. The first objective was to identity the converters. These were inmates who tested negative for the Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) skin test on entry and subsequently tested positive on annual testing. The second objective was determining the risk factors for conversion by comparing the converters with randomly selected controls. The Correctional Information System (CIS) and Mental Health databases were accessed to obtain health and demographic information. With ninety-nine percent of PPD positive inmates on anti-tuberculosis medications, nearly all male inmates who tested positive from July 00-01 (n = 307) were identified through the ODOC pharmacy records. A medical chart review (276 of 307 or 90%) separated the converters (n = 72) from the reactors who tested positive on entry (n = 123) and the prior positives on medications (n = 81). The conversion rate was 5.0 per 1,000 person-years. Differences between the cases (converters) and controls were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The converters were 6 times more likely to be Latino (p < .005) vs. Caucasian, over 19 times less likely to live in medium vs. minimum (p < .001) or maximum vs. minimum (p < .001) security prisons, and over 5 times less likely to live in a medium vs. low (.012 < p < .031) or high vs. low (.002 < p < .007) density prison. They had 1.4-1.5 times fewer PPD skin tests (.002 < p < .009) and lived in 1.5-1.7 times fewer prisons (.005 < p < .017). Age, education, county of incarceration, number of incarcerations, and number of visitors were not found to be significant variables. The results revealed a low conversion rate compared to other U.S. prisons. Prison health officials should consider performing two-step skin testing in order to distinguish the booster phenomenon from intramural conversion.

Identifying sociodemographic risk factors associated with residential fire fatalities: a matched case control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Jonsson ◽  
Henrik Jaldell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Residential Fire ◽  
Sociodemographic Risk ◽  
Residential Fires ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and residential fire fatalities in Sweden. A majority of fatal fires occur in housing. An understanding of risk factors and risk groups is a must for well-founded decisions regarding targeted prevention efforts. There is a lack of consideration of the interrelation between sociodemographic factors and fire fatalities and there is a lack of high quality large-scale studies.MethodsIn this matched case-control study, residential fire fatalities (cases, n=850) (age above 19 years old) were identified in the national register on fatal fires. Four controls per case were randomly matched by gender and age. ORs were calculated to assess the association between different sociodemographic factors with residential fire fatalities using conditional logistic regression.ResultsHaving low income, receiving social allowance and receiving health-related early retirement pension were associated with an increased risk of dying in residential fires. The results also show clearly that adults dying in residential fires to a significantly lower extent were living together with a partner, were in work, were highly educated and lived in urban areas. However, contrary to previous research, living in rented apartments appeared not to influence the risk of death.ConclusionsIn this study, we show that fatalities due to residential fires in Sweden are associated with some but not all of previously published sociodemographic risk factors. The results provide valuable information that can improve the guiding and targeting of fire mortality prevention strategies in Sweden.

scholarly journals Frozen chicken nuggets and strips and eggs are leading risk factors for Salmonella Heidelberg infections in Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. CURRIE ◽  
L. MACDOUGALL ◽  
J. ARAMINI ◽  
C. GAULIN ◽  
R. AHMED ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chicken Nuggets ◽  
Telephone Exchange ◽  
Canadian Market ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Control Study

A case-control study was conducted from 1 January to 31 May 2003 to identify risk factors for S. Heidelberg infection in Canada. Controls were pair-matched by age group and telephone exchange to 95 cases. Exposures in the 7 days before illness/interview were assessed using multivariate conditional logistic regression. Consumption of home-prepared chicken nuggets and/or strips [matched odds ratio (mOR) 4·0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4–13·8], and undercooked eggs (mOR 7·5, 95% CI 1·5–75·5) increased the risk of illness. Exposure to a farm setting lowered the risk (mOR 0·22, 95% CI 0·03–1·00). The population-attributable fraction associated with chicken nuggets/strips was 34% and with undercooked eggs was 16%. One-third of study participants did not perceive, handle or prepare chicken nuggets and strips as high-risk products, although the majority of the products on the Canadian market are raw. These findings have prompted changes in product-labelling policy and consumer education.

scholarly journals Exposure to organochlorine pesticides as a predictor to breast cancer: A case-control study among Ethiopian women

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257704
Author(s):  
Seblework Mekonen ◽  
Mohammedgezali Ibrahim ◽  
Higemengist Astatkie ◽  
Aynalem Abreha
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Control Study

Breast cancer (BC) is becoming one of the most prevalent non-infectious disease in low and middle income countries. The steady rise of BC incidence may be related to the different risk factors. Among many, rampant presence of environmental pollutants might be one of the risk factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate exposure to organochlorine pesticides as a risk factor to breast cancer. A case-control study design was employed among breast cancer patients and non-breast cancer individuals (controls). Blood samples were collected from 100 study participants (50 cases and 50 controls) followed by serum separation, extraction and cleanup using standard analytical procdures. The findings revealed that ten organochlorine pesticides were detected in the serum of the study participants. From the detected organochlorine pesticides, heptachlor was observed at higher concentration for breast cancer patients (6.90±4.37 μg/L) and controls (9.15±3.84 μg/L). Mean serum level of p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDT, heptachlor, gamma-chlordane, endosulfan, and dibutyl-chlorendate were significantly higher in the serum of breast cancer patients than the controls. From the studied pesticides, p,p’-DDT and gamma-chlordane are significant predictors for BC, while, others are equivocal. A unit increment of the concentration of p,p’-DDT (AOR; 2.03, 95% CI: 1.041–3.969) increased the odds of developing breast cancer by two, while for gamma-chlordane (AOR;3.12, 95% CI; 1.186–8.203) by three. Our study results suggesting that, organochlorines are a risk factors for breast cancer in Ethiopia. Decreasing exposure to such organochlorines might have a significant public health relevance in reducing non-communicable chronic illnesses. Besides, continues monitoring of persistent organic pollutants using body biomarkers is important for disease prevention and device mitigation measures.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acquisition of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the Setting of Endemicity

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 809-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Swaminathan ◽  
Saarika Sharma ◽  
Stephanie Poliansky Blash ◽  
Gopi Patel ◽  
David B. Banach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Colonization Pressure ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Objective.To describe the epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) carriage and acquisition among hospitalized patients in an area of CRE endemicity.Design.Cohort study with a nested case-control study.Setting.Two acute care, academic hospitals in New York City.Participants.All patients admitted to 7 study units, including intensive care, medical-surgical, and acute rehabilitation units.Method.Perianal samples were collected from patients at admission and weekly thereafter to detect asymptomatic gastrointestinal carriage of CRE. A nested case-control study was performed to identify factors associated with CRE acquisition. Case patients were those who acquired CRE during a single hospitalization. Control subjects had no microbiologic evidence of CRE and at least 1 negative surveillance sample. Clinical data were abstracted from the medical record.Results.The prevalence of CRE in the study population was 5.4% (306 of 5,676 patients), and 104 patients met the case definition of acquisition during a single hospital stay. Mechanical ventilation (odds ratio [OR], 11.5), pulmonary disease (OR, 5.2), days of antibiotic therapy (OR, 1.04), and CRE colonization pressure (OR, 1.15) were independently associated with CRE acquisition. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis identified 87% of tested Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates as sharing related patterns (greater than 78% similarity), which suggests clonal transmission within and between the study hospitals.Conclusions.Critical illness and underlying medical conditions, CRE colonization pressure, and antimicrobial exposure are important risk factors for CRE acquisition. Adherence to infection control practices and antimicrobial stewardship appear to be critical components of a CRE control program.

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