scholarly journals Field application of the Micro Biological Survey method for the assessment of the microbiological safety of different water sources in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Gionfriddo ◽  
Beatrice Nicolosi ◽  
Lorenza Murgia ◽  
Alyexandra Arienzo ◽  
Laura De Gara ◽  
...  

Access to safe water is stated within human rights as essential for life, as water can be a source of severe enteric infections threatening human health, in particular children from Developing Countries. Along with reference methods, need is pressing for alternative methods to flank reference ones to improve water safety on-site monitoring and in the absence of scientific facilities or even electricity supply. The Micro Biological Survey (MBS) method has already been successfully applied to water safety assessment in Developing Countries. A total of 18 water samples were collected from different sources (rivers, dug wells, tap water) within the Rukwa Region, Tanzania, and underwent analysis for Total Coliforms following the MBS method. Globally, rivers showed more frequently contamination, followed by dug wells, tap water and tanks. Results demonstrate the need for continuous monitoring of water sources, even in difficult frameworks lacking electric supply, to help improve control over water quality, possibly using alternative methods to simplify existing protocols.

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Losito ◽  
Alyexandra Arienzo ◽  
Daniela Somma ◽  
Lorenza Murgia ◽  
Ottavia Stalio ◽  
...  

Water monitoring requires expensive instrumentations and skilled technicians. In developing Countries as Africa, the severe economic restrictions and lack of technology make water safety monitoring approaches applied in developed Countries, still not sustainable. The need to develop new methods that are suitable, affordable, and sustainable in the African context is urgent. The simple, economic and rapid Micro Biological Survey (MBS) method does not require an equipped laboratory nor special instruments and skilled technicians, but it can be very useful for routine water analysis. The aim of this work was the application of the MBS method to evaluate the microbiological safety of different water sources and the effectiveness of different drinking water treatments in the Horn of Africa. The obtained results have proved that this method could be very helpful to monitor water safety before and after various purification treatments, with the aim to control waterborne diseases especially in developing Countries, whose population is the most exposed to these diseases. In addition, it has been proved that <em>Moringa</em> <em>oleifera</em> water treatment is ineffective in decreasing bacterial load of Eritrea water samples.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Muh. Ikbal Putera ◽  
. Arman ◽  
. Irmayani

Water problems include problems that are not easily obtained, especially during conditions or dry seasons. Indeed water is a vital requirement for human, plant and animal life. Water for human needs is used for drinking, cooking, washing and bathing water. Areas with relatively flat topography, water is relatively easy to obtain from well water sources and rivers that flow relatively not deep, so to obtain water sources is relatively easy. In the service area with flat topography and slightly hilly, so farmers to obtain water in agricultural activities and for daily needs, water is obtained from rivers and dug wells, springs and deep wells (ground water). When it rains, water sources are easily obtained from abundant river water and from dug wells that have sufficient water level. The problem of water needs for rural communities who live in hilly and mountainous areas is the need for appropriate technology Hydram Pumps which are relatively inexpensive and affordable by the community because they have the power of hydropower, are energy efficient and environmentally friendly. Community service activities, using the survey method of installation activities and field observations, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), which involves the community. This activity is carried out through: counseling, training and demonstrations. The results and benefits obtained by the application of appropriate technology, with the potential for hydram pumps come from water power sources that have speed, potential energy and kinetic energy that gives water hammer to the inlet pipe and compressed tube, so that it causes a great pressure to lift water to a higher place.   Keywords: Hydram Pump, Hydro Power, Environment Friendly, Springs, Water hammer.   ABSTRAK Masalah air termasuk masalah yang tidak mudah diperoleh terutama pada saat kondisi musim kemarau. Sejatinya air merupakan kebutuhan vital bagi kehidupan manusia, tumbuhan dan hewan. Air untuk kebutuhan manusia digunakan untuk komsumsi air minum, masak, mencuci dan mandi. Daerah dengan topografi relatif datar, air relatif mudah diperoleh dari sumber air sumur dan sungai-sungai yang mengalir yang relatif tidak dalam, sehingga untuk memperoleh sumber air relatif mudah. Pada areal pengabdian dengan kondisi topografi datar dan sedikit berbukit-bukit, sehingga petani untuk memperoleh air dalam aktifitas pertanian dan untuk kebutuhan hidup, air diperoleh dari sungai dan sumur galian, mata air dan sumur dalam (air tanah). Saat hujan, sumber air mudah diperoleh dari air sungai yang melimpah dan dari sumur galian yang memiliki tinggi air yang cukup. Permasalahan kebutuhan air bagi masyarakat desa yang tinggal di daerah berbukit dan bergunung adalah membutuhkan teknologi tepat guna Pompa Hydram yang relatif murah dan terjangkau oleh masyarakat karena memiliki daya penggerak tenaga air (Hydro Power), hemat energi dan ramah lingkungan. Kegiatan pengabdian, mengggunakan metode survei kegiatan aktifitas pemasangan dan pengamatan lapangan, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) yaitu melibatkan masyarakat. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan melalui: penyuluhan, pelatihan, dan demonstrasi. Manfaat yang diperoleh bahwa dengan penerapan teknologi tepat guna, dengan potensi pompa hydram berasal dari sumber tenaga air yang memiliki kecepatan, energi potensial dan energi kinetik yang memberi hantaman air (water hammer) pada pipa pemasukan dan tabung kompressi, sehingga menimbulkan tekanan yang besar untuk mengangkat air ketempat yang lebih tinggi.   Kata kunci: Pompa Hydram, Hydro Power, Ramah Lingkungan, Mata air, Water hammer


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 350-361
Author(s):  
Sali Ben Béchir Adogaye ◽  
Mabvouna Biguioh Rodrigue ◽  
Nkamedjie Pete Patrick Martial ◽  
Andrillene Laure Deutou Wondeu ◽  
Sanou Sobze Martin ◽  
...  

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245379
Author(s):  
Rodrigue Biguioh Mabvouna ◽  
Sali Ben Béchir Adogaye ◽  
Patrick Martial Pete Nkamedjie ◽  
Andrillene Laure Deutou Wondeu ◽  
Martin Sanou Sobze ◽  
...  

At least 2.1 billion people around the world use contaminated drinking water, causing 485,000 diarrheal deaths each year, mostly among children under 5 years old. A study conducted 10 years ago in Bafoussam (West Cameroon) recorded concentrations of bacteria among surface and groundwater. High levels of bicarbonates, phosphates, chlorides and suspended matters were also found. The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological and chemical qualities of domestic water sources in 5 localities of the West region of Cameroon. Water samples from 22 water sources (wells, springs, water drilling and river) were aseptically collected in plastic bottles and transferred in 50 ml sterile tubes. For chlorinated water sources, 1 ml of Thiosulfate was added to the water sample; immediately placed in an ice box and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Water temperature and pH were measured on site. The microbiological quality of water was determined by testing Total Coliforms (TC) using the Micro Biological Survey method. 1 ml of each water sample was inoculated in the MBS vial initially rehydrated with 10 ml of sterile distilled water. The initial color of the vials is red. Color changes were monitored at three different time intervals (12h, 19h and 24h), corresponding to three levels of contamination. The chemical quality of water was assessed using micronucleus (MN) test in selected Vicia faba seeds secondary root tips permanently mounted in Dibutylphthalate Polystyrene Xylene mountant for histology after 72 hours of direct exposition in water samples and in dark. The mitotic indices and MN frequencies were evaluated in 10 root tips per site analysing 5000 cells per tip. Statistical analyses were done using Stata IC/15.0 software. The Student t-test was used for mean comparison and the significance level was set at 1%. The majority of samples were collected from wells (63.6%). The mean water pH ranged from 5.5 to 8.3 and the temperature varied from 23 to 26°C. A very high concentration of TC [>103 CFU/ml] was found in 8 (36.4%) samples. 10 (45.5%) and 2 (9.1%) samples turned yellow at 19 and 24 hours respectively after incubation corresponding to TC concentration of [10<x<103 CFU/ml] and [1<x< 10 CFU/ml]. The MN frequency was higher (P ≤ 0.01) compared to the negative control in 9 (40.9%) water samples indicating significant genotoxic effects of these water sources. This study highlighted the poor quality of domestic water sources in West region of Cameroon and the need to conduct regular monitoring of drinking water sources. Community capacity building on water treatment methods, including good wastes management should be implemented to help improve water quality.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigue Mabvouna Biguioh ◽  
Sali Ben Béchir Adogaye ◽  
Patrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete ◽  
Martin Sanou Sobze ◽  
Jean Blaise Kemogne ◽  
...  

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 844-848
Author(s):  
Kai Xia ◽  
Hao Bo Hou ◽  
Si Xuan Wang ◽  
Yi Lv ◽  
Zhe Hao Zhou ◽  
...  

Strengthening the protection of potable water sources is the important measure to ensure potable water safety for people. Based on the investigation of potable water sources in Yangtze River Wuhan section, this paper analyses the potential fixed risk sources, flowing risk sources and other risk sources. To ensure water safety for people, the government should readjust the industrial structure, supervise industrial enterprises, improve the emergency system, coordinate departments linkage, and accelerate potable water sources protection project.


2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1579) ◽  
pp. 2799-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Clemens

Enteric infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. To date, vaccines have played a limited role in public health efforts to control enteric infections. Licensed vaccines exist for cholera and typhoid, but these vaccines are used primarily for travellers; and there are two internationally licensed vaccines for rotavirus, but they are mainly used in affluent countries. The reasons that enteric vaccines are little used in developing countries are multiple, and certainly include financial and political constraints. Also important is the need for more cogent evidence on the performance of enteric vaccines in developing country populations. A partial inventory of research questions would include: (i) does the vaccine perform well in the most relevant settings? (ii) does the vaccine perform well in all epidemiologically relevant age groups? (iii) is there adequate evidence of vaccine safety once the vaccines have been deployed in developing countries? (iv) how effective is the vaccine when given in conjunction with non-vaccine cointerventions? (v) what is the level of vaccine protection against all relevant outcomes? and (vi) what is the expected population level of vaccine protection, including both direct and herd vaccine protective effects? Provision of evidence addressing these questions will help expand the use of enteric vaccines in developing countries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 1224-1227
Author(s):  
Mulyadi Mulyadi ◽  
Zaenab Zaenab ◽  
Ain Khaer ◽  
Zrimurti Mappau ◽  
Adriyani Adam

BACKGROUND: Based on the results of laboratory examinations, initial samples taken from one of the clean water sources (dug wells) in Biringere Village, North Sinjai District, results showed that the water sample contained high enough metal ions such as Fe, Mn, hardness, and organic substances which did not meet the requirements as clean water because it still contained levels of Manganese (Mn) 1.68 mg/l. Meanwhile, for organic substances (KMnO4), it is 9876 mg/l. AIM: The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of multimedia filters in improving quality of clean water from the parameters of Mn and KMnO4 in clean water sources (dug wells).. METHODS: The type of research conducted is quasi-experimental by made a filtering processing method with a “Up Flow” flow system, using media consisting of silica sand, zeolite, resin (pine resin), and active carbon in PVC tubes. The population in this study were all dug wells in North Sinjai district. The samples were dug wells located on Biringere Village, North Sinjai District. The samples examined in Center for Environmental Health and disease control of Makassar. RESULTS: The results obtained were that there was a significant change in manganese (Mn) levels of 0.49 mg/l (80.37%). Meanwhile, organic substances (MnO4) amounted to 17.38 mg/l (70.02%). CONCLUSION: Decreasing levels of manganese (Mn) in well water after going through the multimedia filter process above show that the manganese content has met the standard requirements of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Hamwiinga ◽  
Chisala D. Meki ◽  
Patricia Mubita ◽  
Hikabasa Halwiindi

Abstract Background: One of the factors impeding access to safe water is water pollution. Of particular concern is heavy metal contamination of water bodies. This study was aimed at determining the levels of heavy metals in drinking water sources of Chingola District of Zambia. Methods: A cross sectional study was employed. A total of 60 water samples were collected. Thirsty (30) samples were collected in the dry season in the month of October 2016 and another 30 in the wet season in the months of February and March, 2017. For each season 10 water samples were collected from each of the three water sources. i.e. Tap water, Urban ground water sources and Rural ground water sources. Heavy metal analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Results: This study revealed that the concentrations of Iron, Manganese, Lead, Nickel and Arsenic were beyond maximum permissible levels in various water sources. Combined averages for both dry and wet seasons were as follows: Iron: 2.3, Copper: 0.63, Cobalt: 0.02, Manganese: 0.36, Lead: 0.04, Zinc:3.2, Nickel: 0.03, Arsenic: 0.05. Chromium and Cadmium were below detection limit in all water samples. The median concentrations of iron, arsenic, copper, manganese in drinking water from the Tap, rural and urban ground water sources were different, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The median concentrations of arsenic, nickel, manganese and cobalt were different between dry and wet season, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: Sources of heavy metals in water seems to be both natural and from human activities. The concentration of heavy metals in different water sources in this study was found to be above the recommended levels. This calls for improvement in water monitoring to protect the health of the public. Therefore, there is need for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in drinking water sources by regulatory authorities.


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