scholarly journals Study of animal remains dug out during the excavations of a Nuragic village in Sardinia

Author(s):  
Laura Portas ◽  
Stefania Bagella ◽  
Vittorio Farina ◽  
Marcella Carcupino ◽  
Antonio Cacchioli ◽  
...  

This paper presents the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal materials brought to light during the excavations set up in the Nuragic village surrounding the Santu Antine Nuraghe, near Torralba (Sassari), Sardinia. Precisely, the remains come from the structure of the village named by archaeologists hut 12. They are 779 specimens out of thousands animal remains from the whole archaeological site. The majority of the rests belong to sheep (<em>Ovis aries</em>) or goats (<em>Capra hircus</em>), cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>), pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) and deers (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>). Such material may provide suggestions about the productive use of animals in the village and point out the importance of the economical management of animals in the Nuragic society. Indeed, many remains show signs with human origin, which testify that the hut may have been a workplace where bone fragments were processed to obtain different kind of tools.

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Fajardo ◽  
Isabel González ◽  
Inés López-Calleja ◽  
Irene Martín ◽  
Pablo E. Hernández ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ελένη Σαμαρτζίδου

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανάλυση του ζωοαρχαιολογικού υλικού του λιμναίου νεολιθικού οικισμού του Δισπηλιού. Συγκεκριμένες κατηγορίες οστών καταγράφηκαν, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μέθοδοι ποσοτικοποίησης NISP, MinAU και MNI για την ποσοτικοποίηση του υλικού, ο ταξινομικός προσδιορισμός έγινε με άτλαντες και εργαστηριακές συλλογές. Όσον αφορά την ταφονομική ιστορία των οστών, ελέγχθηκε η αντιπροσωπευτικότητα του δείγματος βάσει του τρόπoυ ανάκτησής του, καταγράφηκε η επικάλυψή τους με ιζήματα, τα σημάδια βρώσης από άλλα ζώα, η κατάσταση διατήρησης τους, το χρώμα τους, τα αποτυπώματα ριζών, η καύση και η θραύση τους. Όσον αφορά στην εκμετάλλευση των κουφαριών των ζώων από τον άνθρωπο, παρουσιάστηκε η ανατομική τους αντιπροσώπευση, η οποία συσχετίστηκε με τη διατροφική χρησιμότητα των μερών των κουφαριών, υπολογίστηκε η ποσότητα κρέατος που καταναλώθηκε με βάση το δείγμα, καταγράφηκαν τα σημάδια σφαγής, εκδοράς, διαμελισμού και τεμαχισμού των οστών, διερευνήθηκε η εκμετάλλευση του μυελού και λίπους των οστών βάσει της μορφολογίας θραύσης τους. Τέλος, τα οστέινα εργαλεία παρουσιάζονται εν συντομία και συσχετίζονται με το υπόλοιπο οστεολογικό υλικό. Η διαχείριση των ζώων διερευνήθηκε ως εξής: αρχικά, διαχωρίστηκαν βάσει των μετρήσεων τα ήμερα, άγρια και πιθανώς ημι-άγρια άτομα συγκεκριμένων ειδών, διακρίθηκε το αρσενικό και θηλυκό φύλο με μορφολογικά κριτήρια και με μετρήσεις, υπολογίστηκε η ηλικία θανάτωσης των ειδών βάσει των γνάθων και του μετακρανιακού υλικού των ζώων, καταγράφηκαν και ερμηνεύτηκαν τα παθολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των οστών. Επιπλέον, διερευνήθηκε η εποχικότητα εκμετάλλευσης των ζώων βάσει της ηλικίας θανάτωσής τους. Συγκεκριμένα, στην παρούσα εργασία καταγράφηκαν συνολικά 74.190 οστά, από τα οποία τα 27.512 (37%) προσδιορίστηκαν σε επίπεδο είδους ζώου ή μέρους του σκελετού. Η σημασία της ήμερης πανίδας είναι φανερή σε όλες τις φάσεις κατοίκησης, ενώ παρουσιάζεται μια σταδιακή αύξηση της άγριας πανίδας προς τις μεταγενέστερες φάσεις. Aνάμεσα στα ήμερα είδη το πρόβατο (Ovis aries) είναι το πιο συχνό είδος, ακολουθούμενο από το χοίρο (Sus domesticus), το βόδι (Bos taurus), την αίγα (Capra hircus) και το σκύλο (Canis familiaris). Η παρουσία των οστών ιπποειδών χρήζει περαιτέρω διερεύνησης. Ανάμεσα στα άγρια είδη, το κόκκινο ελάφι (Cervus elaphus) και το ζαρκάδι (Capreolus capreolus) υπερέχουν αριθμητικά, ενώ ο αγριόχοιρος (Sus scrofa) και ο λαγός (Lepus capensis) ακολουθούν. Τα λιγότερο συχνά είδη είναι τα εξής: το άγριο βόδι (Bos primigenius), η αλεπού (Vulpes vulpes), η καφέ αρκούδα (Ursus arctos), ο ασβός (Meles meles), η ενυδρίδα (Lutra lutra), το πετροκούναβο (Martes foina), ο σκίουρος (Sciurus vulgaris), ο σκαντζόχοιρος (Erinaceus europaeus). Καταγράφηκαν και οστά από πτηνά, από χελώνα, από τρωκτικά/εντομοφάγα και από τις οικογένειες Ranidae και Bufonidae. Τα ήμερα βόδια εκτρέφονταν για το κρέας και το γάλα τους, ενώ δεν υπάρχει καμία παθολογική ένδειξη που να δείχνει ότι χρησιμοποιούνταν συστηματικά σε σκληρές εργασίες. Οι χοίροι θανατώνονταν για το κρέας και το λίπος τους. Τα αιγοπρόβατα τα εκμεταλλεύονταν για το κρέας, το γάλα και το μαλλί/τρίχα με μια έμφαση στην παραγωγή κρέατος. Η ηλικία θανάτωσης των ελαφοειδών δείχνει μια στόχευση σε νεαρά ενήλικα άτομα. Η επιλογή των μερών των σφαγίων φαίνεται ότι αποσκοπούσε στην εξασφάλιση της μεγαλύτερης δυνατής ποσότητας κρέατος. Η θραύση των οστών για την εξαγωγή μυελού ήταν πιο εντατική στα βόδια παρά στα αιγοπρόβατα και στους χοίρους, ενώ υπήρχε μια προτίμηση για την εξαγωγή μυελού από ώριμα άτομα. Το υλικό του Δισπηλιού δε διαφοροποιείται από τα υπόλοιπα ζωοαρχαιολογικά υλικά της ίδιας εποχής του ελλαδικού χώρου, ενώ αντιθέτως παρουσιάζει σημαντικές διαφορές σε σχέση με τα υλικά των Βαλκανίων και των λιμναίων οικισμών της Κεντρικής Ευρώπης.


Author(s):  
Laura Portas ◽  
Vittorio Farina ◽  
Carla Del Vais ◽  
Marcella Carcupino ◽  
Ferdinando Gazza ◽  
...  

During the underwater excavations carried out in the Santa Giusta Pond, near Oristano, Sardinia, a significant amount of Phoenician- Punic materials was brought to light including amphorae (dating back to 7<sup>th</sup>-2<sup>nd</sup> century BC) and vegetal and animal remains. All of these archaeological finds may come from Othoca, an important Phoenician- Punic city on the eastern shore of the pond, geographically corresponding with the modern-day town of Santa Giusta. Animal materials consist of more than 3000 very well-preserved remains, belonging to sheep (<em>Ovis aries</em>), goat (<em>Capra hircus</em>) and cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>). Bone analyses allowed reconstructing the slaughtering methods, as well as manipulation procedures carried out to preserve meat in order to be exported overseas. Although pig (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) played an important economical role in other Sardinian Phoenician-Punic settlements, in this archaeological context this species is absent, suggesting that the meat contained in the amphorae was probably destined to other areas of the Mediterranean basin, where people did not eat pork.


SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402096966
Author(s):  
Simina Stanc ◽  
Mihaela Danu ◽  
Dorel Paraschiv ◽  
Luminița Bejenaru

The Roman–Byzantine fortress of (L)Ibida (Slava Rusă, Tulcea County, Romania) has preserved archeozoological and archeobotanical remains (i.e., phytoliths) that allowed an evaluation of the human–environmental interactions in that period. Bringing together bioarcheological data, this study contributes to understand the subsistence economy during a period of sociopolitical changes in the region. The stratigraphical sequences and the preliminary observations made on the archeological materials (ceramics, metal artifacts, coins) indicate a relative chronology beginning with the second to third centuries AD and lasting until the sixth century AD. Phytolith analysis highlights the clear domination of the grasses (Poaceae) and indicates the presence of cereals within the fortress. In the surroundings of the fortress, it appears to have existed an open environment. Although modest, the percentage of the Spheroid phytoliths suggests the presence of woody dicots, indicating the fact that the wooded surfaces existed near the fortress. The archeozoological data confirm the fact that the fortress was placed in an open environment, where people bred especially cattle ( Bos taurus) and sheep/goat flocks ( Ovis aries/Capra hircus), and they hunted species such as hare ( Lepus europaeus); also, the forest existed nearby, as indicate the remains of hunted species, among which we found the red deer ( Cervus elaphus) and the wild boar ( Sus scrofa).


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Glendinning ◽  
Buğra Genç ◽  
R. John Wallace ◽  
Mick Watson

AbstractThe rumen microbiota comprises a community of microorganisms which specialise in the degradation of complex carbohydrates from plant-based feed. These microbes play a highly important role in ruminant nutrition and could also act as sources of industrially useful enzymes. In this study, we performed a metagenomic analysis of samples taken from the ruminal contents of cow (Bos Taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). We constructed 391 metagenome-assembled genomes originating from 16 microbial phyla. We compared our genomes to other publically available microbial genomes and found that they contained 279 novel species. We also found significant differences between the microbiota of different ruminant species in terms of the abundance of microbial taxonomies, carbohydrate-active enzyme genes and KEGG orthologs. We present a dataset of rumen-derived genomes which in combination with other publicly-available rumen genomes can be used as a reference dataset in future metagenomic studies.


2016 ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Darko Radmanovic ◽  
Desanka Kostic ◽  
Dusanka Veselinov ◽  
Jelena Lujic

In spring 2012, osteological material was collected at the ?Gornja Suma? site (site no. 47), located in the territory of Novi Sad, and it was dated to the early 9th century. The withers heights of pig - Sus scrofa domestica, domestic cow - Bos taurus and sheep - Ovis aries, as the three most dominant species at this archaeological site, were analysed based on the length of bones and according to various authors [Boessneck 1956; Zalkin 1960; Matolcsi 1970; Teichert 1975]. It was determined that in these three species the withers heights mostly corresponded to the data from the Middle Ages.


2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryline Pioz ◽  
Anne Loison ◽  
Philippe Gibert ◽  
Jean-Michel Jullien ◽  
Marc Artois ◽  
...  

Microbial infections that affect reproduction are poorly studied in wildlife because reproductive disorders usually go unnoticed. However, such infections are a major concern in domestic ungulates, which raises the question of their influence on reproductive success and population dynamics of wild ungulates. Three bacterial abortive infections are frequent in domestic ruminants: salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis, enzootic abortion caused by Chlamydophila abortus , and Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii . They induce abortions and neonatal mortality in sheep ( Ovis aries L., 1758), goat ( Capra hircus L., 1758), and cattle ( Bos taurus L., 1758). However, little information is known about these bacteria in wild ungulates, particularly in mountain ungulates that may share alpine pastures with infected domestic ruminants. We investigated the relationship between female serological status against Salmonella, Chlamydophila, and Coxiella and her reproductive success. From 1986 to 2003, the reproductive and serological statuses of 125 female chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) aged 2–10 years were available. Reproductive success was the lowest for 2-year-old females and for females born at the highest density. Moreover, we showed for the first time in a wild ungulate population that females with high titer in antibodies against Salmonella experienced a decrease in their reproductive success. Titers in antibodies against Chlamydophila and Coxiella were not related to the reproductive success of female chamois.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Glendinning ◽  
Buğra Genç ◽  
R John Wallace ◽  
Mick Watson

AbstractThe rumen microbiota comprises a community of microorganisms which specialise in the degradation of complex carbohydrates from plant-based feed. These microbes play a highly important role in ruminant nutrition and could also act as sources of industrially useful enzymes. In this study, we performed a metagenomic analysis of samples taken from the ruminal contents of cattle (Bos Taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). We constructed 391 metagenome-assembled genomes originating from 16 microbial phyla. We compared our genomes to other publically available microbial genomes and found that they contained 279 novel species. We also found significant differences between the microbiota of different ruminant species in terms of the abundance of microbial taxonomies, carbohydrate-active enzyme genes and KEGG orthologs. However, we found that the vast majority of carbohydrate-active enzymes were present in all of our sample types, which may indicate that there is a core set of these enzymes which are present across ruminants and are independent of diet and environmental conditions. We present a dataset of rumen-derived genomes which in combination with other publicly-available rumen genomes can be used as a reference dataset in future metagenomic studies.Data SummaryThe paired-read fastq files supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the European Nucleotide Archive repository (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB34458). The RUG fasta files supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the Edinburgh DataShare repository (https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/2640).


Author(s):  
T. Savelyeva ◽  
◽  
М. Shagirbayev ◽  

The article discusses osteological material from the excavations of the Shengeldy caravanserai. In the descriptions of the representatives of the fauna from the medieval caravanserai of Shengeldy and in table 1, the majority of bone remains are identified to a species. Examination of the species composition of the fauna shows their not rich species composition, although as a result of the study all species of domestic ungulates are found. Bone remains were determined by species, skeleton elements and degree of fragmentation. Bones found: horses (Equus caballus), cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus) and camel (Camelus bactrianus); wild animals - kulan (Equus hemionus), saiga (Saiga tatarica) and turtles (Testudines). Among domestic animals, the bones of horses and small cattle prevail. Cattle ranks third in number. One camel bone was found. Of the bones of domestic animals, 23.4% were intact and 76.6% were fragmented. Among the departments of the skeleton of domestic ungulates, carcass bones (scapula, vertebrae, ribs) and upper legs (femurs and tibia) predominate. Several fragments of human bones were found. Morphometric studies of the bones of horses, sheep, goats and cattle were carried out. Geometric morphometric methods have revealed morphological differences and similarities between species.


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