scholarly journals Solid biofuels production from agricultural residues and processing by-products by means of torrefaction treatment: the case of sunflower chain

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Duca ◽  
Giovanni Riva ◽  
Ester Foppa Pedretti ◽  
Giuseppe Toscano ◽  
Chiara Mengarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Press Cake ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Sunflower Stalks ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
By Products

The high heterogeneity of some residual biomasses makes rather difficult their energy use. Their standardisation is going to be a key aspect to get good quality biofuels from those residues. Torrefaction is an interesting process to improve the physical and chemical properties of lignocellulosic biomasses and to achieve standardisation. In the present study torrefaction has been employed on residues and by-products deriving from sunflower production chain, in particular sunflower stalks, husks and oil press cake. The thermal behaviour of these materials has been studied at first by thermogravimetric analysis in order to identify torrefaction temperatures range. Afterwards, different residence time and torrefaction temperatures have been tested in a bench top torrefaction reactor. Analyses of raw and torrefied materials have been carried out to assess the influence of the treatment. As a consequence of torrefaction, the carbon and ash contents increase while the volatilisation range reduces making the material more stable and standardised. Mass yield, energy yield and energy densification reach values of about 60%, 80% and 1.33 for sunflower stalks and 64%, 85% and 1.33 for sunflower oil press cake respectively. As highlighted by the results, torrefaction is more interesting for sunflower stalks than oil cake and husks due to their different original characteristics. Untreated oil press cake and husks, in fact, already show a good high heating value and, for this reason, their torrefaction should be mild to avoid an excessive ash concentration. On the contrary, for sunflower stalks the treatment is more useful and could be more severe.

scholarly journals Torrefaction of residues and by-products from sunflower chain

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Riva ◽  
E. Foppa Pedretti ◽  
G. Toscano ◽  
D. Duca ◽  
G. Rossini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Press Cake ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Sunflower Stalks ◽  
Starting Characteristics ◽  
By Products

The high heterogeneity of some residual biomasses makes rather difficult their energy use and standardisation is a key aspect for these fuel products. Torrefaction is an interesting process used to improve the quality of ligno-cellulosic biomasses and to achieve standardisation. In the present study torrefaction has been employed on residues and by-products deriving from sunflower production chain, in particular sunflower stalks and oil press cake. The thermal behaviour of materials has been studied at first by thermo-gravimetric analysis in order to identify torrefaction temperatures range. Different residence time and torrefaction temperatures have been employed in a bench top torrefaction reactor afterwards. Analyses of raw and torrefied materials have been carried out to assess the influence of the process. As a consequence of torrefaction, the carbon and ash contents increase while the volatilisation range is reduced making the material more stable and standardised. Mass yield, energy yield and energy densification reach values of about 60 %, 80 % and 1.33 for sunflower stalks and 64 %, 85 % and 1.33 for sunflower oil press cake respectively. As highlighted by results, torrefaction is more interesting for sunflower stalks than oil cake and husks because of the different starting characteristics. Untreated oil cake and husks already show a good high heating value and the eventual torrefaction should be mild. On the contrary for sunflower stalks the process is more useful and could be more severe.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF MACAUBA EPICARP (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius) FOR BRIQUETTES PRODUCTION

FLORESTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Vinícius Lima Teixeira ◽  
Angélica De Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Anderson Barbosa Evaristo ◽  
Bruno De Freitas Homem de Faria ◽  
Danilo Barros Donato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Characteristics

Briquetting is a form to aggregate value in the biomass production chain, to re-use sustainably waste and to provide high-quality solid biofuels, as well as to enable the development of the energy market. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the production of briquettes from epicarp waste of macauba fruit and verify the influence of different temperatures and compaction pressures on the chemical, physical, and mechanical characteristics of the briquettes. The epicarp was reduced to particles and, then classified, dried, and characterized for their physical and chemical properties. The briquettes were produced by using compression pressures of 62, 83, and 103 bar and temperatures of 90 and 120 °C. The effect of these factors upon the variables studied was verified through regression analysis. The increase of pressure and temperature contributed to greater mass loss of the briquettes. Apparent density and energy density increased due to temperature rise. High values of energy density were obtained, which demonstrates the potential of the macauba fruit epicarp to produce briquettes for generation of thermal energy

scholarly journals Potential of Biochar Derived from Agricultural Residues for Sustainable Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8147
Author(s):  
Sasiwimol Khawkomol ◽  
Rattikan Neamchan ◽  
Thunchanok Thongsamer ◽  
Soydoa Vinitnantharat ◽  
Boonma Panpradit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Horizontal Drum ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

A horizontal drum kiln is a traditional method widely used in Southeast Asian countries for producing biochar. An understanding of temperature conditions in the kiln and its influence on biochar properties is crucial for identifying suitable biochar applications. In this study, four agricultural residues (corncob, coconut husk, coconut shell, and rice straw) were used for drum kiln biochar production. The agricultural residues were turned into biochar within 100–200 min, depending on their structures. The suitability of biochar for briquette fuels was analyzed using proximate, ultimate, and elemental analysis. The biochar’s physical and chemical properties were characterized via bulk density, iodine number, pHpzc, SEM, and FTIR measurements. All biochars had low O/C and H/C ratios and negative charge from both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Coconut husk and shell biochar had desirable properties such as high heating value and a high amount of surface functional groups which can interact with nutrients in soil. These biochars are thus suitable for use for a variety of purposes including as biofuels, adsorbents, and as soil amendments.

Allophane and imogolite: role in soil biogeochemical processes

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Labile P ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
By Products ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractThe literature on the formation, structure and properties of allophane and imogolite is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the seminal contributions by Colin Farmer. Allophane and imogolite occur not only in volcanic-ash soils but also in other environments. The conditions required for the precipitation of allophane and imogolite are discussed. These include pH, availability of Al and Si, rainfall, leaching regime, and reactions with organic matter. Because of their excellent water storage and physical properties, allophanic soils can accumulate large amounts of biomass. In areas of high rainfall, these soils often occur under rain forest, and the soil organic matter derived from the forest biomass is stabilized by allophane and aluminium ions. Thus the turnover of soil organicmatter in allophanicsoils is slower than that in non-allophanicsoils. The organic matter appears to be derived from the microbial by-products of the plant material rather than from the plant material itself. The growth of young forests may be limited by nitrogen supply but growth of older forests tends to be P limited. Phosphorus is recycled through both inorganic and organic pathways, but it is also strongly sorbed by Al compounds including allophane. When crops are grown in allophanic soils, large amounts of labile P are required and, accordingly, these soils have to be managed to counteract the large P sorption capacity of allophane and other Al compounds, and to ensure an adequate supply of labile P. Because of their physical and chemical properties, allophanic soils are excellent filters of heavy metals and pathogens.

Review of Physical and Chemical Properties of Perfluorooctanyl sulphonate (PFOS) with Respect to its Potential Contamination on the Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 2183-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
David N Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Perfluorinated Surfactants ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Single Well ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
By Products

Perfluorinated surfactants have emerged as priority environmental contaminants due to their detection in environmental and biological matrices as well as concerns regarding their persistence and toxicity. They have been found in groundwater, particularly at sites used for training firefighters. They do not biodegrade easily in groundwater, and are not retarded during transport. The most common chemical is Perfluorooctanyl Sulphonate (PFOS), which is mainly used in aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) to extinguish hydrocarbon-fuel fires. It is also used in many herbicide and insecticide formulations, cosmetics, greases and lubricants, paints, polishes, and adhesives. PFOS and related fluoro-organic chemicals have been used since the 1950s. A quantity of fluorosurfactants and related products are still in use all over the world. Intensive studies over the last few years discovered that PFOS and certain by-products were both ubiquitous in the environment and highly persistent. PFOS does not biodegrade in the environment and very limited degradation has been observed in wastewater treatment. The breakthrough curves of a single-well push-pull test indicated that there was no retardation for PFOS as well. It was detected in part-per-billion levels in blood samples obtained from blood banks in the United States, Japan, Europe, and China. There have been more and more reports on the accumulation and effect of PFOS in wild animals’ liver, serum and muscle as well. This suggests that PFOS can bioaccumulate to higher levels of the food chain.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document