scholarly journals An update on methods for sarcopenia diagnosis: from bench to bedside

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea P. Rossi ◽  
Sofia Rubele ◽  
Alessia D'Introno ◽  
Elena Zoico ◽  
Piero Bradimarte ◽  
...  

Sarcopenia has been recognized as an age-related syndrome characterized by low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical performance that is associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, hospitalization, frailty and mortality. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the condition early for applying intervention and prevention of the disastrous consequences of sarcopenia if left untreated. Clinical definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia have been developed in the last years and different tools have been proposed for screening subjects with sarcopenia, evaluating the muscle mass, the muscle strength and the physical performance. In this review we analyzed the diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia and examined the current assessment tools used for the diagnosis and screening of sarcopenia.

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Alajos Pár ◽  
Jenő Péter Hegyi ◽  
Szilárd Váncsa ◽  
Gabriella Pár

Összefoglaló. A sarcopenia progresszív, generalizált vázizombetegség az izomtömeg fogyásával és az izomfunkció romlásával, számos szövődménnyel, rossz prognózissal. A sarcopeniát eredetileg életkorfüggő, idősekben jelentkező kórképnek írták le (primaer sarcopenia). Később derült ki, hogy fiatal- és középkorú személyeknél is előfordul, különböző betegségekhez társulva (secundaer sarcopenia). A közlemény áttekintést ad a betegség patofiziológiájáról, a fizikai inaktivitás, az inzulinrezisztencia, a krónikus gyulladás, a citokinek, hepatokinek és miokinek szerepéről az izomkárosodásban, valamint az izom, a zsírszövet és a máj funkcionális kapcsolatairól nem alkoholos zsírmájban és cirrhosisban. A diagnózis felállítását számos funkcionális próba, illetve vizsgálóeljárás teszi lehetővé. Az izomerő-csökkenés igazolása a legfontosabb paraméter (kézszorító erő). Az izomtömegvesztést kettős energiájú röntgenabszorpciometria, bioelektromosimpedancia-analízis, komputertomográfia vagy mágneses rezonanciás képalkotó vizsgálat mutathatja ki, megerősítve a kórismét, a fizikai teljesítmény csökkenése pedig a sarcopenia súlyosságát jelzi. A sarcopenia kezelése és a progresszió prevenciója a fiatalkorban elkezdett és élethosszig tartó rendszeres fizikai aktivitáson, a protein-kalória túltápláláson és a gyógyszeres terápián alapul, beleértve a D-vitamin és a tesztoszteron pótlását, az elágazó láncú aminosavak és az L-karnitin adását. Másodlagos sarcopeniában az alapbetegség kezelése is szükséges. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(1): 3–12. Summary. Sarcopenia is a progressive, generalized skeletal muscle disease with the loss of muscle mass and function, associated with adverse outcomes and poor prognosis. Sarcopenia first was regarded as an age-related disorder of older people (primary sarcopenia). Later it turned out that it can also occur in young age due to a range of chronic disorders such as cancer, anorexia or malnutrition (secondary sarcopenia). This paper overviews the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and the factors involved in the muscle mass loss, i.e., physical inactivity, insulin resistance, low-grade chronic inflammation, hepatokines and myokines. The basic feature is the imbalance between proteolysis and protein synthesis that leads to muscle atrophy. We discuss the relationship between liver, muscle and adipose tissue in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. To diagnose sarcopenia, there are a range of tests and tools that measure muscle strength and muscle mass as well as physical performance. The low muscle strength (hand grip strength) is the primary parameter of the diagnosis, the best measure of muscle function. The loss of skeletal muscle mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectric impedance analysis, computer tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging confirms diagnosis, while the decrease in physical performance reflects severe sarcopenia. For the treatment and prevention of progression, the most important is the regular physical activity started from early adulthood, and healthy diet containing protein-calorie hyperalimentation. In addition, a pharmacotherapy with the supplementation of vitamin D and testosterone, furthermore, the administration of L-carnitine and branched-chain amino acids can be recommended. In the case of secondary sarcopenia, the underlying disease also requires treatment. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(1): 3–12.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Sáez ◽  
Sara García-Isidoro

Sarcopenia is currently defined as a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that occurs with advancing age and is associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes. Low levels of measures for muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance define sarcopenia. In this chapter, we will see that the prevalence of a low value of physical performance will be different according to the method used to measure this parameter, and thus, it would be foreseeable to think that the prevalence of sarcopenia will also be different according to the method used. However, despite the differences found in physical performance, we will show that the prevalence of sarcopenia appears to be regardless of the method used for physical performance, and therefore, how is it possible that having a significant difference in the prevalence of physical performance depending on the method chosen, the prevalence of sarcopenia has an almost perfect agreement? To answer these questions, a new simplified model is studied, defining sarcopenia as low muscle strength and low muscle mass and without taking physical performance into account. Finally, we will see that, indeed, physical performance does not seem to be decisive or necessary for the diagnosis of sarcopenia.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Rachele De Giuseppe ◽  
Chiara Elena Tomasinelli ◽  
Alessandra Vincenti ◽  
Ilaria Di Napoli ◽  
Massimo Negro ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Sarcopenia (SA) is a progressive skeletal muscle disorder, associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes, including falls, fractures, physical disability and mortality. Several risks factors may contribute to the development of SA in the elderly; among them, nutrition plays a key role in muscle health. The elderly are at risk of inadequate intake in terms of micronutrients affecting muscle-homeostasis, such as B vitamins, related to homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Objectives and Methods This narrative review analysed the association between increased Hcy levels and SA, according to the criteria of the International Working Group on Sarcopenia, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. The authors focused not only on SA per se but also on exploring the association between increased Hcy levels and components of SA, including muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Results Results are inconsistent, except for muscle mass, showing no significant associations with Hcy levels. Conclusions Few and conflicting data emerged in this review on the association between SA and increased Hcy levels due to numerous differences between studies that change the significance of the association of Hcy and SA, as well as with the muscle strength, muscle mass and physical performance. Furthermore, because the ageing process is not uniform in the population due to differences in genetics, lifestyle and general health, chronological age fails to address the observed heterogeneity among the "elderly" of the studies reported in this revision. Therefore, further studies are still needed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeo Hyung Kim ◽  
Kwang-Il Kim ◽  
Nam-Jong Paik ◽  
Ki-Woong Kim ◽  
Hak Chul Jang ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Evelien Gielen ◽  
David Beckwée ◽  
Andreas Delaere ◽  
Sandra De Breucker ◽  
Maurits Vandewoude ◽  
...  

Abstract Context Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as falls, disability, and death. The Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics has developed evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. This umbrella review presents the results of the Working Group on Nutritional Interventions. Objective The aim of this umbrella review was to provide an evidence-based overview of nutritional interventions targeting sarcopenia or at least 1 of the 3 sarcopenia criteria (ie, muscle mass, muscle strength, or physical performance) in persons aged ≥ 65 years. Data sources Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, the PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting the effect of nutritional supplementation on sarcopenia or muscle mass, strength, or physical performance. Data extraction Two authors extracted data on the key characteristics of the reviews, including participants, treatment, and outcomes. Methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using the product A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews. Three authors synthesized the extracted data and generated recommendations on the basis of an overall synthesis of the effects of each intervention. Quality of evidence was rated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Data analysis A total of 15 systematic reviews were included. The following supplements were examined: proteins, essential amino acids, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine, and multinutrient supplementation (with or without physical exercise). Because of both the low amount and the low to moderate quality of the reviews, the level of evidence supporting most recommendations was low to moderate. Conclusions Best evidence is available to recommend leucine, because it has a significant effect on muscle mass in elderly people with sarcopenia. Protein supplementation on top of resistance training is recommended to increase muscle mass and strength, in particular for obese persons and for ≥ 24 weeks. Effects on sarcopenia as a construct were not reported in the included reviews.


2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 88.e17-88.e24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Landi ◽  
Riccardo Calvani ◽  
Matteo Tosato ◽  
Anna Maria Martone ◽  
Domenico Fusco ◽  
...  

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung-Eun Kim ◽  
Soong-nang Jang ◽  
Soo Lim ◽  
Young Joo Park ◽  
Nam-Jong Paik ◽  
...  

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2820
Author(s):  
Julie Mareschal ◽  
Laurence Genton ◽  
Tinh-Hai Collet ◽  
Christophe Graf

Aging is a global public health concern. From the age of 50, muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance tend to decline. Sarcopenia and frailty are frequent in community-dwelling older adults and are associated with negative outcomes such as physical disability and mortality. Therefore, the identification of therapeutic strategies to prevent and fight sarcopenia and frailty is of great interest. This systematic review aims to summarize the impact of nutritional interventions alone or combined with other treatment(s) in older community-dwelling adults on (1) the three indicators of sarcopenia, i.e., muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance; and (2) the hospitalization and readmission rates. The literature search was performed on Medline and included studies published between January 2010 and June 2020. We included randomized controlled trials of nutritional intervention alone or combined with other treatment(s) in community-living subjects aged 65 or older. In total, 28 articles were retained in the final analysis. This systematic review highlights the importance of a multimodal approach, including at least a combined nutritional and exercise intervention, to improve muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance, in community-dwelling older adults but especially in frail and sarcopenic subjects. Regarding hospitalization and readmission rate, data were limited and inconclusive. Future studies should continue to investigate the effects of such interventions in this population.


2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 1386-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Medeiros Menna Barreto ◽  
Maria Inês Barreto Silva ◽  
Karine Scanci da Silva Pontes ◽  
Mariana Silva da Costa ◽  
Kelli Trindade de Carvalho Rosina ◽  
...  

AbstractSarcopenia is a progressive and generalised skeletal muscle disorder associated with adverse outcomes. Ageing causes primary sarcopenia, while secondary causes include chronic kidney disease (CKD), long-term use of glucocorticoids and obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia using guidelines recommended by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP, 2010; EWGSOP2, 2018) and the Foundation of the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) and analyse the relationship between sarcopenia and body adiposity in adult renal transplant recipients (RTR). This was a cross-sectional study of adult RTR (BMI ≥ 18·5 kg/m2). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) by CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration equation. The prevalence of sarcopenia in adult RTR (n 185; 57 % men, 50 (se 0·82) years and eGFR 55·80 (se 1·52) ml/min) was 7 % (FNIH), 11 % (EWGSOP2) and 17 % (EWGSOP). Low muscle mass, muscle function and physical performance affected, respectively, up to 28, 46 and 10 % of the participants. According to EWGSOP and EWGSOP2, body adiposity evaluated by anthropometry and DXA (percentage trunk fat) was lower in participants with sarcopenia. Conversely, according to the FNIH criteria, RTR with sarcopenia presented higher waist:height ratio. The present study suggests that adult RTR sarcopenia prevalence varies according to the diagnostic criteria; low muscle mass, low muscle function and low physical performance are common conditions; the association of body adiposity and sarcopenia depends on the criteria used to define this syndrome; and the FNIH criteria detected higher adiposity in individuals with sarcopenia.


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