scholarly journals TARIFFE, DAZI E POLITICHE DI COMMERCIO

2011 ◽  
pp. 171-192
Author(s):  
Angelo Moioli
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
The State ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Practical Result ◽  
Special Commission ◽  
Political Economist ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
As If

Tariffs, duties and commercial policy. Duty systems and trade policies were central in the reforms proposed by the Lombard Enlightenment economists for the State of Milan. This State had originally adopted a duty scheme characterized by the presence of internal duties originating from each one of the five sub regional entities, i.e. the provinces of the State. That means that the single provinces treated the commodities coming from other provinces of the State not as home items but as if they were commodities coming from abroad. In 1764 the Vienna government established a special commission with a view to change the system. The Commission included a young Milanese patrician, Pietro Verri, the author of Considerazioni sul commercio dello Stato di Milano (Reflections on trade in the State of Milan). The treatise was highly appreciated in Vienna since it was the first to show the relation between the tariffs and the trade balance or the balance of payments. This explains why Schumpeter credited Verri as an early econometrician. Nevertheless, the studies carried out by Verri (together with Maraviglia Mantegazza) in 1762 did not lead to any practical reform of the duty system. Similarly, a new proposal suggesting to substitute a single border toll for the whole host of internal duties, did not produce any practical result. The proposal was based on a new study of the balance of trade completed in August 1773. Finally, Verri had no role in the reform adopted later in 1786, even if that was conceived on the basis of principles he had himself stated in his second attempt. But the balance of trade from which the reform was designed had been produced by Baldassarre Scorza, who was rated inferior to Verri as an ‘enlightened’ political economist.

THE POTENTIAL OF CUSTOMS PAYMENTS IN THE MODERN REALITIES OF TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE EAEU AND EU COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
I. A. ZHURAVLEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
The State ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Important Regulator

Customs payments are an important regulator of the country's economic presence in foreign economic relations and trade relations. Customs receipts serve as a landmark indicator that provides the revenue side of the budget in its significant income, and also determine the place of the state in the system of the interna-tional division of labor and its corresponding place in the value chain. Customs duties (CD) act as a kind of regulator of the amount of goods imported into the territory of the state, taking into account the state and conditions of the domestic market and the country's balance of payments. The positive financial and economic multifactorial nature of CD is manifested in stimulating the optimization of the structure of imports of goods and services, and in addition, it can act as a tool to protect domestic producers from external competitors, and strengthen the state's trade balance.

scholarly journals Foreign trade competitiveness of the Balkan countries under the conditions of globalization

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Bozic-Miljkovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
The State ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
The World ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Trade Competitiveness ◽  
Economic Nature

The development of international trade on the world scale under the conditions of globalization, more than ever in the economic history has given prominence to the issues of given countries? competitiveness and foreign trade companies. Competitiveness in foreign trade is a complex category affected by the factors of both economic and non-economic nature. With the increase of the degree of liberalization of foreign trade globally, competitiveness represents a very important factor that the results in this particular trade depend on and, consequently, realization of the developmental and stabilization objectives in the progress of trade. The Balkan countries are making efforts, through diverse forms of regional economic networking and economic cooperation, to define their competitiveness in foreign trade in such a way so as to ensure its higher level. The actions of this kind should change their relatively unfavorable position in international trade and improve the state in their foreign trade balance as well as balance of payments. In doing this, they encounter numerous problems of economic and non-economic nature, namely those that still condition their low competitiveness in foreign trade.

Article 143 TFEU

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
The Common

Article 119 EC Where a Member State with a derogation is in difficulties or is seriously threatened with difficulties as regards its balance of payments either as a result of an overall disequilibrium in its balance of payments, or as a result of the type of currency at its disposal, and where such difficulties are liable in particular to jeopardise the functioning of the internal market or the implementation of the common commercial policy, the Commission shall immediately investigate the position of the State in question and the action which, making use of all the means at its disposal, that State has taken or may take in accordance with the provisions of the Treaties. The Commission shall state what measures it recommends the State concerned to take.

Trade, Balance of Payments, and Growth, Papers in International Economics in Honor of Charles P. Kindleberger.

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Herbert G. Grubel ◽  
J. N. Bhagwati ◽  
R. W. Jones ◽  
R. A. Mundell ◽  
J. Vanek
Keyword(s):  
International Economics ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Balance Of Payments

Constantine as a ‘Bishop’

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Seston
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Obiter Dictum ◽  
The Church ◽  
As If

The author of the Vita Constantini (traditionally and persistently identified with Eusebius, despite the silence of St. Jerome), tells us that Constantine ‘at a banquet he was giving to the bishops declared that he too was a bishop. He added these words which I heard with my own ears: ἀλλ᾽ ὑμεῖϛ μὲν τῶν εἴσω τῆϛ ἐκτὸϛ ὑπὸ θεοῦ καθεσταμένοϛ ἐπίσκοπϛ ἂν εἴην ’.In attempts to define the relations between the first Christian emperor and the Church, no phrase is more frequently quoted than this obiter dictum. In the sixteenth century the French scholar Henri de Valois rendered τῶν ἐκτόϛ as if it were the genitive of τὰ ἐκτόϛ, and since then it has been the practice to regard Constantine as an ‘évèque du dehors’: the Emperor either exercised episcopal functions though not consecrated, or supervised mundane affairs (that is, the State), after the fashion of a bishop, or else held from God a temporal commission for ecclesiastical government, the bishops retaining control of dogma, ethics and discipline. Each of these three distinct interpretations is equally admissible.

‘Hebrew Tarzans’ from Arthur Koestler's Thieves in the Night to Netflix and Fauda

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
Jeremy Salt
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Four Books ◽  
Letting Go ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
As If

Core elements of Zionist propaganda justifying the colonisation of Palestine are exploited again in the four books critiqued in this article ( Thieves in the Night; Promise and Fulfilment. Palestine 1917–1949; Exodus; and The Haj). For propaganda to be viable, however, it has to be adapted to changing circumstances. Recent Israeli television dramas such as Fauda (Chaos) have realigned images without letting go of the central elements in the propaganda war. In Fauda, Israeli killings in the occupied territories are virtually advertised, as if the state wants viewers to see what it is capable of doing in the name of combatting ‘terrorism’.

Playing through the Apocalypse: Preparing Children for Mass Disasters in Japan and Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-259
Author(s):  
Chika Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Nonprofit Organization ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Mass Disasters ◽  
As If

Abstract There is a growing trend to prepare children for future disasters. A Japanese nonprofit organization has developed an event called Iza! Kaeru Caravan, which includes games that teach children and their families how to survive disasters, from earthquakes to floods. Many disaster experts and government officials from other countries have now implemented the Caravan in their own contexts. Based on ethnographic research in Japan and Chile, this article shows how playful methods in disaster preparedness orient children, and by proxy their families, to accept an apocalyptic future, helping the neoliberal state buy time. Advocates of disaster preparedness in Japan and Chile accept that state actors will not come immediately to the rescue. Playful methods mobilize children and their families to take responsibility for their own survival through the subjunctive work of the “as if.” Ambiguously positioned between fun and education, playful methods of preparedness command attention from children and adults—what I call “attentive play”—as they frame and reframe the games to figure out, “Is this play?” Ultimately, the article shows that attentive play buys time for the state to temporarily defer its responsibilities to citizens, but the ambiguity of play can also exceed its ideological effects.

scholarly journals Makna Penting Demokrasi dan Musyawarah Bagi Keutuhan Bangsa Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAVI GITA MAULIDA
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
National State ◽  
Unitary State ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The World ◽  
State Construction ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
As If

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) based on the historical trajectory of the struggle, has the only state construction in the world where the nation is born first, then forms the state. The first President of the Republic of Indonesia Ir. Soekarno emphasized that the Unitary State is a National State. The purpose of the Indonesian nation to be born, independent, and to form a state has one goal, the will to elevate the dignity and life of the Indonesian people (Indonesian People's Sovereignty). Through an analysis of the reality of today's life, the Indonesian nation has lived in a condition of life order as if it were the same as a democratic state, namely that the first state was formed and the nation was born later. So that the sovereignty of the Indonesian people based on the principles of deliberation and representation has not been able to be realized.

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