scholarly journals INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ASSISTED SURGERY

1970 ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Ferrigno ◽  
Antonio Pedotti
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Postoperative Phase ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Digital Modelling ◽  
Functional Features

Computer Aided Surgery is opening new scenarios in medicine aimed to improve the patient’s care by advancing the utilisation of computer into surgical practice which have already provided practical application particularly in orthopaedics and neurosurgery. The recent developments in multimodal 3D medical imaging techniques which are providing with great accuracy and the necessary resolution a clear representation on a multiscale basis of the morphological and functional features of the internal organs and tissues constitute the necessary basis. The interdisciplinary collaboration between engineers and physicians provide new concepts and applications in this field derived from digital modelling and simulation methods for the analysis of complex systems, sensors and motion capture technologies, robotics and mechatronics. Three main phases are described in this paper. The preoperative phase where the information derived from multimodal imaging of each patient is processed by proper mathematical models and simulation techniques to identify the best way to operate (surgical planning). The intraoperative phase where the surgeon is assisted by a “virtual fusion” of the preoperative images of the internal organs of the patients with the effective position of operative instruments recorded by proper trackers. Finally the postoperative phase to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments and the patient’s follow up.

Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics and Recent Developments in ESI, MALDI and other Ionization Methodologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
Qurat ul Ain Farooq ◽  
Noor ul Haq ◽  
Abdul Aziz ◽  
Sara Aimen ◽  
Muhammad Inam ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Electrospray Ionization ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Desorption Electrospray Ionization ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Way

Background: Mass spectrometry is a tool used in analytical chemistry to identify components in a chemical compound and it is of tremendous importance in the field of biology for high throughput analysis of biomolecules, among which protein is of great interest. Objective: Advancement in proteomics based on mass spectrometry has led the way to quantify multiple protein complexes, and proteins interactions with DNA/RNA or other chemical compounds which is a breakthrough in the field of bioinformatics. Methods: Many new technologies have been introduced in electrospray ionization (ESI) and Matrixassisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) techniques which have enhanced sensitivity, resolution and many other key features for the characterization of proteins. Results: The advent of ambient mass spectrometry and its different versions like Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI), DART and ELDI has brought a huge revolution in proteomics research. Different imaging techniques are also introduced in MS to map proteins and other significant biomolecules. These drastic developments have paved the way to analyze large proteins of >200kDa easily. Conclusion: Here, we discuss the recent advancement in mass spectrometry, which is of great importance and it could lead us to further deep analysis of the molecules from different perspectives and further advancement in these techniques will enable us to find better ways for prediction of molecules and their behavioral properties.

scholarly journals Silencing and Oblivion of Psychological Trauma, Its Unconscious Aspects, and Their Impact on the Inflation of Vajrayāna. An Analysis of Cross-Group Dynamics and Recent Developments in Buddhist Groups Based on Qualitative Data

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
The Impact

The commercialization of Buddhist philosophy has led to decontextualization and indoctrinating issues across groups, as well as abuse and trauma in that context. Methodologically, from an interdisciplinary approach, based on the current situation in international Buddhist groups and citations of victims from the ongoing research, the psychological mechanisms of rationalizing and silencing trauma were analyzed. The results show how supposedly Buddhist terminology and concepts are used to rationalize and justify economic, psychological and physical abuse. This is discussed against the background of psychological mechanisms of silencing trauma and the impact of ignoring the unconscious in that particular context. Inadequate consideration regarding the teacher–student relationship, combined with an unreflective use of Tibetan honorary titles and distorted conceptualizations of methods, such as the constant merging prescribed in so-called 'guru yoga', resulted in giving up self-responsibility and enhanced dependency. These new concepts, commercialized as 'karma purification' and 'pure view', have served to rationalize and conceal abuse, as well as to isolate the victims. Therefore, we are facing societal challenges, in terms of providing health and economic care to the victims and implementing preventive measures. This use of language also impacts on scientific discourse and Vajrayāna itself, and will affect many future generations.

Recent advances and new concepts for the synthesis of axially stereoenriched biaryls

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 3418-3430 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wencel-Delord ◽  
A. Panossian ◽  
F. R. Leroux ◽  
F. Colobert
Keyword(s):  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Axially Chiral ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Synthetic Routes

Over the past decade the field of the synthesis of axially chiral compounds has been rapidly expanding. Not only key advances have been achieved concerning the already established strategies but also new synthetic routes have been devised. This review showcases the recent developments in this domain.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation Techniques to Study Biomolecules

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1354-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liao-Ran CAO ◽  
◽  
Chun-Yu ZHANG ◽  
Ding-Lin ZHANG ◽  
Hui-Ying CHU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Recent Developments

scholarly journals Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Augusto Bragatti
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Resting State Networks ◽  
Epileptiform Discharges ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Forced Normalization ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

The phenomenon of Forced Normalization (FN) was first described by Landolt in 1953, who described the disappearance of epileptiform discharges in the EEG of patients with epilepsy, concomitant with the development of psychotic symptoms. Later, Tellenbach coined the term “alternative psychosis” referring specifically to the alternation between clinical phenomena. Finally, in 1991, Wolf observed a degenerative process involved in the phenomenon, which he called “paradoxical normalization.” Initially, FN was explained through experimental models in animals and the demonstration of the kindling phenomenon, in its electrical and pharmacological subdivisions. At this stage of research on the epileptic phenomenon, repetitive electrical stimuli applied to susceptible regions of the brain (hippocampus and amygdala) were considered to explain the pathophysiological basis of temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Likewise, through pharmacological manipulation, especially of dopaminergic circuits, psychiatric comorbidities began to find their basic mechanisms. With the development of new imaging techniques (EEG/fMRI), studies in the area started to focus on the functional connectivity (FC) of different brain regions with specific neuronal networks, which govern emotions. Thus, a series of evidence was produced relating the occurrence of epileptic discharges in the limbic system and their consequent coactivation and deactivation of these resting-state networks. However, there are still many controversies regarding the basic mechanisms of network alterations related to emotional control, which will need to be studied with a more homogeneous methodology, in order to try to explain this interesting neuropsychiatric phenomenon with greater accuracy.

Biological Markers of Aphasia Recovery after Stroke

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Meinzer ◽  
Lena Ulm ◽  
Robert Lindenberg
Keyword(s):  
Biological Markers ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
First Year ◽  
Structural Imaging ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Functional Reorganization ◽  
Language Recovery ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Aphasia Recovery

Language recovery after stroke is often incomplete and residual symptoms may persist for many years. However, there is ample evidence for structural and functional reorganization of language networks after stroke that mediate recovery. This chapter reviews studies that investigated biological markers of language recovery by means of functional and structural imaging techniques. In particular, we discuss neural signatures associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced language recovery across the first year poststroke and in the chronic stage of aphasia, studies that aimed at predicting recovery and treatment outcome as well as recent developments in brain stimulation that may be suited to enhance the potential for functional recovery.

scholarly journals Significance of 5-S-Cysteinyldopa as a Marker for Melanoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumasa Wakamatsu ◽  
Satoshi Fukushima ◽  
Akane Minagawa ◽  
Toshikazu Omodaka ◽  
Tokimasa Hida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Primary Melanoma ◽  
Urinary Biomarkers ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
New Applications

Melanoma is one of the most lethal and malignant cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide, and Japan is not an exception. Although there are numerous therapeutic options for melanoma, the prognosis is still poor once it has metastasized. The main concern after removal of a primary melanoma is whether it has metastasized, and early detection of metastatic melanoma would be effective in improving the prognosis of patients. Thus, it is very important to identify reliable methods to detect metastases as early as possible. Although many prognostic biomarkers (mainly for metastases) of melanoma have been reported, there are very few effective for an early diagnosis. Serum and urinary biomarkers for melanoma diagnosis have especially received great interest because of the relative ease of sample collection and handling. Several serum and urinary biomarkers appear to have significant potential both as prognostic indicators and as targets for future therapeutic methods, but still there are no efficient serum and urinary biomarkers for early detection, accurate diagnosis and prognosis, efficient monitoring of the disease and reliable prediction of survival and recurrence. Levels of 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5SCD) in the serum or urine as biomarkers of melanoma have been found to be significantly elevated earlier and to reflect melanoma progression better than physical examinations, laboratory tests and imaging techniques, such as scintigraphy and echography. With recent developments in the treatment of melanoma, studies reporting combinations of 5SCD levels and new applications for the treatment of melanoma are gradually increasing. This review summarizes the usefulness of 5SCD, the most widely used and well-known melanoma marker in the serum and urine, compares 5SCD and other useful markers, and finally its application to other fields.

scholarly journals Clarifying mid-brain organoids: Application of the CLARITY protocol to unperfusable samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Magliaro ◽  
Arti Ahluwalia
Keyword(s):  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
Human Specific

The aim of this study was to apply a workflow, integrating delipidation methods and advanced 3D imaging techniques for mapping of the global neuronal organization of brain organoids. These are self-organizing constructs in vitro generated from human pluripotent stem cells encased in a Matrigel shell, which resemble downscaled structural and functional features of human brains. In particular, we focused on midbrain organoids, widely considered a promising tool for studying dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson’s Disease. The evaluation of the microanatomical alterations at a patient-level will potentially guide future research of this neuropathy, providing meaningful human specific data in line with the European Directives and the 3Rs principles.

Raman Imaging of Small Biomolecules

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihui Shen ◽  
Fanghao Hu ◽  
Wei Min
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Raman Imaging ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Contrast Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Imaging Methodology ◽  
Small Biomolecules ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

Imaging techniques greatly facilitate the comprehensive knowledge of biological systems. Although imaging methodology for biomacromolecules such as protein and nucleic acids has been long established, microscopic techniques and contrast mechanisms are relatively limited for small biomolecules, which are equally important participants in biological processes. Recent developments in Raman imaging, including both microscopy and tailored vibrational tags, have created exciting opportunities for noninvasive imaging of small biomolecules in living cells, tissues, and organisms. Here, we summarize the principle and workflow of small-biomolecule imaging by Raman microscopy. Then, we review recent efforts in imaging, for example, lipids, metabolites, and drugs. The unique advantage of Raman imaging has been manifested in a variety of applications that have provided novel biological insights.

scholarly journals Cell chirality: emergence of asymmetry from cell culture

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1710) ◽  
pp. 20150413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Q. Wan ◽  
Amanda S. Chin ◽  
Kathryn E. Worley ◽  
Poulomi Ray
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry

Increasing evidence suggests that intrinsic cell chirality significantly contributes to the left–right (LR) asymmetry in embryonic development, which is a well-conserved characteristic of living organisms. With animal embryos, several theories have been established, but there are still controversies regarding mechanisms associated with embryonic LR symmetry breaking and the formation of asymmetric internal organs. Recently, in vitro systems have been developed to determine cell chirality and to recapitulate multicellular chiral morphogenesis on a chip. These studies demonstrate that chirality is indeed a universal property of the cell that can be observed with well-controlled experiments such as micropatterning. In this paper, we discuss the possible benefits of these in vitro systems to research in LR asymmetry, categorize available platforms for single-cell chirality and multicellular chiral morphogenesis, and review mathematical models used for in vitro cell chirality and its applications in in vivo embryonic development. These recent developments enable the interrogation of the intracellular machinery in LR axis establishment and accelerate research in birth defects in laterality. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.

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