scholarly journals Advances in the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among women in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine E. Chen ◽  
Jaimie P. Meyer ◽  
Sandra A. Springer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Hiv Aids

Despite recent advances in testing and treatment, the incidence of HIV/AIDS in the United States has remained stagnant with an estimated 56,300 new infections every year. Women account for an increasing proportion of the epidemic. The vulnerability of women to HIV stems from both increased biologic susceptibility to heterosexual transmission and also the social, economic, and structural disadvantages they often confront. This review describes the main reasons for the increased vulnerability of U.S. women to HIV transmission with particular emphasis on specific high-risk groups including: non-Hispanic blacks, women who use drugs, women with a history of incarceration, and victims of intimate partner violence. Although behavioral approaches to HIV prevention may be effective, pragmatic implementation is often difficult, especially for women who lack sociocultural capital to negotiate condoms with their male partners. Recent advances in HIV prevention show promise in terms of female-initiated interventions. These notably include female condoms, non-specific vaginal microbicides, and antiretroviral oral and vaginal pre-exposure prophylaxis. In this review, we will present evidence in support of these new female-initiated interventions while also emphasizing the importance of advocacy and the political support for these scientific advances to be successful.

Homelessness and HIV Transmission

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Livingstone ◽  
Daniel B. Herman ◽  
Naomi Adler ◽  
Ezra S. Susser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homeless Persons ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Hiv Aids

Homelessness is associated with both poorer health and higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Recent research suggests that with growing availability of antiretroviral therapy and the expansion of housing alternatives for chronically homeless persons, HIV is no longer a leading cause of death among the homeless. Nonetheless, HIV prevalence is significantly higher among homeless persons than among their housed counterparts. This chapter examines the association between HIV/AIDS and homelessness in the United States. After providing a brief overview of homelessness and the characteristics of specific homeless subpopulations, we discuss HIV prevalence, transmission, treatment and prevention among people who are homeless in the United States.

Community-Based Organization Adaptations to the Changing HIV Prevention and Care Landscape in the Southern United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 516-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterine Shapatava ◽  
Aisha Rios ◽  
Gene Shelley ◽  
Jesse Milan ◽  
Shuenae Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
The South ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Community-based organizations (CBOs) provide HIV prevention services throughout the United States, including the South where HIV/AIDS burden is high. We assessed Southern CBO response to changes in the HIV prevention landscape, including the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) High Impact Prevention. Both strategies aim to improve outcomes for people living with or at high risk for HIV. Inductive qualitative analysis of interviews and consultations with CBOs, capacity building assistance providers, and CDC staff revealed CBOs are building clinical service capacity and cross-agency partnerships to adapt, but face inadequate or reduced funding. A holistic approach to HIV prevention and care in the South is critical, where stigma and other socio-structural factors limit health care options for persons affected by HIV. Health care organizations may benefit by partnering with CBOs because CBOs have the skillsets and community rapport to effectively improve health outcomes of persons living with HIV.

scholarly journals Improving the Youth HIV Prevention and Care Continuums: The Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Lee ◽  
Bill G. Kapogiannis ◽  
Susannah Allison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adolescent Medicine ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Youth Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic and clinical information in the United States indicate that HIV transmission and acquisition among adolescents and young adults (youth) remain unchanged, without improvement. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission among youth are critically needed, as are interventions to improve adherence to all components of the continuum of care for youth living with HIV. OBJECTIVE The primary mission of the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) is to conduct both independent and collaborative research that explores promising behavioral, microbicidal, prophylactic, therapeutic, and vaccine modalities in HIV-infected and at-risk youth aged between 12 and 24. METHODS Through the ATN, the National Institutes of Health is supporting HIV interventional research for youth in the United States. RESULTS The ATN comprises 3 cooperative multiproject research programs and a coordinating center. Each program is led by a network hub and has well-defined research themes to assist, guide, and coordinate HIV research project activities. CONCLUSIONS ATN activities encompass the full spectrum of research needs for youth, from HIV primary prevention for at-risk youth in the community to secondary and tertiary prevention with clinical management of HIV infection among youth living with HIV experiencing adherence challenges. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR DERR1-10.2196/12050

scholarly journals Racial and ethnic disparities in HIV diagnoses among heterosexually active persons in the United States nationally and by state, 2018

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257583
Author(s):  
Erika G. Martin ◽  
Bahareh Ansari ◽  
Rachel Hart-Malloy ◽  
Dawn K. Smith ◽  
Kevin P. Delaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnosis Rate

Background Despite declining HIV infection rates, persistent racial and ethnic disparities remain. Appropriate calculations of diagnosis rates by HIV transmission category, race and ethnicity, and geography are needed to monitor progress towards reducing systematic disparities in health outcomes. We estimated the number of heterosexually active adults (HAAs) by sex and state to calculate appropriate HIV diagnosis rates and disparity measures within subnational regions. Methods The analysis included all HIV diagnoses attributed to heterosexual transmission in 2018 in the United States, in 50 states and the District of Columbia. Logistic regression models estimated the probability of past-year heterosexual activity among adults in three national health surveys, by sex, age group, race and ethnicity, education category, and marital status. Model-based probabilities were applied to estimated counts of HAAs by state, which were synthesized through meta-analysis. HIV diagnoses were overlaid to calculate racial- and ethnic-specific rates, rate differences (RDs), and rate ratios (RRs) among HAAs by sex and state. Results Nationally, HAA women have a two-fold higher HIV diagnosis rate than HAA men (rate per 100,000 HAAs, women: 6.57; men: 3.09). Compared to White non-Hispanic HAAs, Black HAAs have a 20-fold higher HIV diagnosis rate (RR, men: 21.28, women: 19.55; RD, men: 15.40, women: 31.78) and Hispanic HAAs have a 4-fold higher HIV diagnosis rate (RR, men: 4.68, RD, women: 4.15; RD, men: 2.79, RD, women: 5.39). Disparities were ubiquitous across regions, with >75% of states in each region having Black-to-White RR ≥10. Conclusion The racial and ethnic disparities across regions suggests a system-wide failure particularly with respect to preventing HIV among Black and Hispanic women. Pervasive disparities emphasize the role for coordinated federal responses such as the current Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative.

scholarly journals Longitudinal HIV Transmission Risk Profiles Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Living With HIV in the SUN Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 155798831881828
Author(s):  
Jacob J. van den Berg ◽  
Nickolas D. Zaller ◽  
Fizza S. Gillani ◽  
Shira I. Dunsiger ◽  
Brandon D. L. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Risk Class ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Transmission Risk ◽  
Living With Hiv

Examining how multiple concomitant factors interact to augment HIV transmission risk is needed to inform more effective primary and secondary HIV prevention programs for men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States. The development of a “taxonomy” of long-term sexual and drug-related risk behavior profiles may have important implications for resource allocation and targeted HIV prevention programming. A secondary data analysis was conducted to explore longitudinal HIV transmission risk profiles among 423 MSM living with HIV enrolled in the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV and AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN Study). Between March 2004 and February 2012, participants completed semiannual, audio computer-assisted self-interviews that included demographics, employment status, medical information, alcohol use, stimulant use, sexual risk, and depression. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of risky behavior over time with respect to sexual risk, heavy drinking, and stimulant (i.e., methamphetamine and cocaine) use taken collectively. Three classes were identified: (a) High Sustained Heavy Drinker Class (33%), (b) High Mostly Stable Sexual Risk Class (17%), and (c) Overall Low Risk Class. (50%). Post hoc comparisons between classes revealed that men in Classes 1 ( p = .03) and 2 ( p = .02) were significantly younger than those in Class 3. In comparison to those in Classes 1 and 3, those in Class 2 were less likely to report being a racial/ethnic minority ( p = .04) and had the highest self-reported sexually transmitted infections ( p < .001). Findings indicate the need to better integrate sexual and substance use risk reduction strategies, including brief interventions and engagement in addiction treatment, for MSM living with HIV in the United States.

scholarly journals Male Circumcision for Prevention of HIV Transmission: What the New Data Mean for HIV Prevention in the United States

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. e223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S Sullivan ◽  
Peter H Kilmarx ◽  
Thomas A Peterman ◽  
Allan W Taylor ◽  
Allyn K Nakashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

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