scholarly journals The anti-factor Xa range for low molecular weight heparin thromboprophylaxis

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Y. Wei ◽  
Salena M. Ward

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are now the mainstay option in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. In some patients receiving therapeutic doses of LMWH, activity can be measured by quantifying the presence of Anti-factor Xa (AFXa) for dose adjustment. However, currently there are no guidelines for LMWH monitoring in patients on thromboprophylactic, doses, despite certain patient populations may be at risk of suboptimal dosing. This review found that while the AFXa ranges for therapeutic levels of LMWHs are relatively well defined in the literature, prophylactic ranges are much less clear, thus making it difficult to interpret current research data. From the studies published to date, we concluded that a reasonable AFXa target range for LMWH deep venous thromboses prophylaxis might be 0.2-0.5 IU/mL.

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari V. Lunsford ◽  
Andrew J. Mackin ◽  
V. Cory Langston ◽  
Marjory Brooks

Unfractionated heparin has been the standard heparin used in human and veterinary medicine for its anticoagulation effect; however, it has a complex pharmacodynamic profile that requires close monitoring. Low molecular weight heparins have a more predictable bioavailability, allowing standardized dosing without individual patient monitoring. This project was designed to a) evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the subcutaneous (SC) administration of the low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, in dogs using anti-Xa activity as a marker of plasma enoxaparin concentrations and b) to establish the dose necessary to maintain activity within an established target range. Enoxaparin at 0.8 mg/kg SC q 6 hours consistently maintained target levels of anti-Xa activity in normal dogs without evidence of hemorrhagic complications.


Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 5012-5012
Author(s):  
Coenraad Hemker ◽  
Saartje Bloemen ◽  
Romy Kremers ◽  
Hilde Kelchtermans ◽  
Bas De Laat

Abstract Current practice in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is either controlled dosage of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or standard dosage of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or an orally administrated direct inhibitor of thrombin or factor Xa (DOACs). This is justified by clinical trials showing the non-inferiority of standard dosage to VKA treatment - disregarding that the latter could be improved upon. Whether standard dosage is optimal for the individual patient depends upon how well (s)he is represented by the "average" patient that meets the inclusion criteria of the trial. Here we show that in a set of normal plasmas the individual thrombin generating power (the endogenous thrombin potential: ETP), after spiking with a fixed concentration (~ IC50) of different anticoagulants show such a wide variation that, even when plasma levels would be identical, a considerable percentage of patients could be over- or under-anticoagulated. Consequently adapted doses must be considered if better results than those with VKA are our aim. We recall that the ETP is close to constant in the individual person but varies in the population with a broad log-normal distribution (CV 16%). The ETP is highly correlated to the risk of thrombosis: The relative risk of VTE in the upper quartile being 5 - 7 times higher than that in the lower one (Winckers K., et al., poster PO617, ISTH 2015, Toronto). Reducing the ETP is the common feature of all antithrombotic therapy. The desired range of reduction is not exactly known. In congenital bleeding disorders bleeding risks increase sharply at ETP below 33%. In monitoring VKA treatment an INR below 2, which corresponds to an ETP > 66% of normal, is generally considered inadequate. We therefore arbitrarily choose the range 33 - 66% of normal, as a target range (TR). Experimental: Individual plasmas from 60 normal healthy volunteers were spiked with a fixed amount of either unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), antithrombin binding pentasaccharide (penta), DOAC acting on thrombin or DOAC acting on factor Xa. We found the residual ETP to be highly variable (table column 3), obviously because the variation in susceptibility to the inhibitor superimposes upon the natural variation. Using these CVs we calculated what % falls either above or below the target range. The total variance of the ETP under treatment is the combined effect of natural variance, the pharmacokinetic- and the pharmacodynamic -variance. Here we determined pharmacodynamic effects only and calculated the % of ETP values that would fall outside the target range A: if there would be no pharmacokinetic variance (table column 4 & 5) and B: If the pharmacokinetic variance would equal the pharmacodynamic variance (table column 6 & 7). It is seen that in any case over 15% of the population will be outside the target range and that in the more likely case that pharmacokinetic variation counts as much as pharmacodynamic variation does around half of all patients will be outside the safe range. This could be avoided by measuring the effect of a standard dose of anticoagulant on the ETP once and increasing the dose in those with an ETP > 66% and decreasing it in those with ETP < 33%. The present work is meant to provide the rationale for starting clinical studies on the actual variation of the ETP attained under standard dosage of different anticoagulants and the effects thereon of personalised dose adjustment. Table Table. Disclosures Hemker: Diagnostica Stago: Consultancy.


1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 879-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Sié ◽  
M F Aillaud ◽  
D de Prost ◽  
C Droullé ◽  
F Forestier ◽  
...  

SummaryThe only sensitive and convenient assay to assess the biological activity of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) is based on the potentiation of activated factor Xa inhibition. Several procedures for measuring the socalled anti Xa activity have been proposed. In this collaborative study including eight laboratories, we have used four different assays (three amidolytic and one clotting based methods) for measuring the anti Xa activity of ex vivo samples obtained after injecting three different LMWHs. The dispersion of the results obtained by calibration against standard heparin could be reduced by using any of the three LMWHs for calibration. A coefficient of variation less than 0.20 between values obtained in different laboratories using a variety of methods seems acceptable. However it is necessary to refer to a common international standard for expressing the results in units and to define, for each of the three products, the therapeutic range.


Author(s):  
Е.В. Ройтман ◽  
А.Ю. Буланов ◽  
В.М. Печенников

Низкомолекулярные гепарины (НМГ) рекомендованы всем госпитализированным пациентам с COVID-19. Однако эффективная доза НМГ неизвестна, и эскалация дозы НМГ представляется уместной для лечения COVID-19-ассоциированной коагулопатии. Цель исследования: анализ дозирования НМГ для лечения COVID-19-ассоциированной коагулопатии, а также индикаторов, указывающих на необходимость коррекции доз этих препаратов. Материалы и методы. В период апрель-июнь 2020 г. обследовано 49 человек с диагнозом COVID-19. НМГ получили 43 пациента: 25 человек — эноксапарин натрия, 18 — далтепарин натрия. При лабораторном обследовании определяли С-реактивный белок, количество тромбоцитов, активированное частичное тромбопластиновое время, тромбиновое время, концентрацию фибриногена, активность антитромбина III, протромбиновое время, концентрацию Д-димера и анти-фактор Ха активность (анти- Ха активность). Данные были представлены как медиана (Me), нижний (LQ) и верхний (UQ) квартили. Статистический анализ включал в себя проверку на нормальность распределения по критерию Шапиро–Уилка, сравнение независимых групп по критерию Манна–Уитни при уровне значимости < 0,05, корреляционный анализ с применением критерия Спирмена, регрессионный анализ с использованием F-критерия. Многомерный поэтапный анализ результатов исследования проводили методами кластерного, дискриминантного и ROC-анализа. Результаты. Установлено, что воспалительный ответ у мужчин и у женщин протекает с различающимися акцентами в рамках системы гемостаза. Если анти- Ха активность была ниже 0,4 МЕ / мл, то выбранная доза НМГ никак не влияла ни на процессы тромбообразования и воспаления, ни на течение заболевания в целом. При анти- Ха активности в диапазоне 0,4–0,6 МЕ / мл воспалительный ответ также преодолевал эффект НМГ. Только при анти- Ха активности > 0,6 МЕ / мл была выявлена достоверная корреляция между анти- Ха активностью и суточной дозой НМГ (r = 0,493; p = 0,031). Выявление в этой группе такой связи означает, что часть поступившего в организм НМГ уже была «потрачена» на противовоспалительные цели, а оставшаяся проявила эффект, направленный на другую цель назначения НМГ, т. е. собственно антитромботический. При этом ROC-анализ не подтвердил значимость концентрации фибриногена в прогнозе достижения антитромботической эффективности НМГ. Кластерный анализ достоверно разделил исходную выборку в точке анти- Ха активность = 0,6 ЕД / мл. Из 43 пациентов, получивших НМГ, только у 15 (34,9%) выбранная доза НМГ анти- Ха активность > 0,6 ЕД / мл, тогда как у оставшихся анти- Ха активность оказалась ниже данного значения, несмотря на большую вариацию полученного НМГ: AUC = 0,482 (95% ДИ = 0,298–0,665) со статистической значимостью p = 0,848. Дискриминантный анализ показал, а ROC-анализ подтвердил, что для до- стижения антитромботического эффекта требуется коррекция дозы с учетом веса тела пациента, а целевым значением анти- Ха активности является 0,65 ME / мл. Заключение. Антитромботический эффект как искомый результат применения НМГ достижим только при дозировании с учетом массы тела пациента, независимо от того, снижена она, нормальная или повышена. Развитие антитромботического эффекта должно выявляться, а его стабильность подтверждаться на основе определения анти- Ха активности, которая должна быть не менее 0,65 МЕ/мл. Анти- Ха активность ниже данного значения может служить указанием на необходимость коррекции дозы НМГ у пациентов с COVID-19-ассоциированной коагулопатией. Background. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are guided for all in-hospital patients with COVID-19. However LMWH effective dose is still unknown. Escalating the LMWH dose seems appropriate for the treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Objectives: to explore the LMWHs doses effects in the treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, and to fi nd indicators signaling the need to adjust the LMWH dose. Patients / Methods. From April to June 2020, 49 patients with COVID-19 were examined. LMWH were given to 43 patients: 25 of them received enoxaparin sodium, 18 — dalteparin sodium. Lab testing included C-reactive protein, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, prothrombin time, D-dimer, and anti-factor Xa activity (anti- Xa activity). The data were presented as median (Me), lower (LQ) and upper (UQ) quartiles. Statistical analysis included the check of the distribution normality by Shapiro–Wilk test, comparing independent groups with Mann- Whitney test for p < 0.05, correlation analysis with Spearman test, and regression analysis with the F-test. Multivariate step-by-step analysis of data was performed using cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and ROC-analysis. Results. It was found that the inflammatory response reflects differently for hemostatic system in men and women. When anti-Xa activity was < 0.4 IU / ml, the LMWH selected dose did not affect either the processes of thrombosis and inflammation, or the course of the disease as a whole. When anti- Xa activity was within 0.4–0.6 IU / ml, the inflammation overcame the LMWH effect as well. A significant correlation between anti- Xa activity and the LMWH daily dose (r = 0.493; p = 0.031) was found only for anti-Xa activity > 0.6 IU / ml. That does mean that part of the administered LMWH was already “spent” for anti-inflammatory purposes, and the remaining part was enough to develop an antithrombotic effect. Other result was that ROC-analysis did not confirm the fibrinogen value for the forecast of LMWH antithrombotic effectiveness. Cluster analysis divided significantly the initial sample at the point with anti- Xa activity = 0.6 IU / ml. Of the 43 patients received LMWH, the selected LMWH dose provided anti- Xa activity > 0.6 IU / ml in 15 (34.9%) only, while in other patients the anti- Xa activity was lower despite a wide variation in the LMWH doses: AUC = 0.482 (95% CI = 0.298–0.665; p = 0.848). Discriminant analysis showed, and then ROC-analysis confirmed, that to an antithrombotic effect, LMWH dose adjustment is required taking into account the patient’s body weight, and the target value of anti- Xa activity is 0.65 IU / ml. Conclusions. The antithrombotic effect as the desired result of the LMWH use is achievable only under dosing with the patient’s body weight regardless of whether it is reduced, normal or increased. The LMWH antithrombotic effect should be detected and then its stability confirmed by testing the anti- Xa activity which should be at least 0.65 IU / ml. Lower anti- Xa activity may indicate the need for LMWH dose adjustment in patients with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.


1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (06) ◽  
pp. 0909-0914 ◽  
Author(s):  

SummaryFibrin D-Dimer (D-Di), prothrombin activation fragment (F 1+2) and thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TAT) were measured using ELISA procedures in the plasma of patients with an acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT), at presentation and on days 2, 6 and 10 after initiation of heparin treatment. Patients were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: 44 patients received adapted doses of continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin (UH) whereas 47 received 1 mg/kg every twelve hours of a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) subcutaneously. A phlebography and a perfusion lung scan were performed before inclusion and on day 10. Failure of therapy (n = 9) was defined by venogram worsening or confirmed pulmonary embolism. Improvement (n = 44) or stationary state (n = 38) were defined by venogram evolution in the absence of new leg scan defects.At presentation, D-Di, F 1 + 2 and TAT were above cut-off values in 97, 66 and 89% of patients respectively. D-Di levels correlated with the extent of venous thrombosis whereas TAT and F 1 + 2 did not. Mean levels of D-Di decreased sharply during the first days of treatment but were still abnormal on day 10. A secondary increase of D-Di on days 6 or 10 by more than 3 μg/ml occurred in 4 of the 9 patients who developed a thromboembolic recurrence but in none of the 72 patients who had a more favorable outcome. F 1 + 2 and TAT time-courses were not related to clinical evolution. In the Enoxaparin group, there was no relationship between antifactor Xa activities and any biological markers. TAT and F 1 + 2 levels fell on day 2 and remained stable until day 10. In contrast, in the UH group, TAT and F 1 + 2 did not significantly decrease on day 2, probably due to a delay in dose adaptation, but they declined slowly until day 10.In conclusion, D-Di displays a higher sensitivity than F 1 + 2 or TAT for the diagnosis of D\T. D-Di, but not TAT or F 1 + 2, follow-up seems to be of potential value for early detection of recurrency. Hemostatic activation is controlled earlier by fixed doses of a low molecular weight heparin, irrespective of the plasma anti-factor Xa activities, than by unfractionated heparin at adapted doses.


1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (04) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Young ◽  
Benilde Cosmi ◽  
Jeffrey Weitz ◽  
Jack Hirsh

SummaryThe non-specific binding of anticoagulantly-active heparin to plasma proteins may influence its anticoagulant effect. We used low affinity heparin (LAH) essentially devoid of anti-factor Xa activity to investigate the extent and possible mechanism of this non-specific binding. The addition of excess LAH to platelet-poor plasma containing a fixed amount of unfractionated heparin doubled the anti-factor Xa activity presumably because it displaces anticoagulantly-active heparin from plasma proteins. Although dextran sulfates of varying molecular weights also increased the anti-factor Xa activity, less sulfated heparin-like polysaccharides had no effect. These findings suggest that the ability to displace active heparin from plasma protein binding sites is related to charge and may be independent of molecular size. In contrast to its effect in plasma containing unfractionated heparin, there was little augmentation in anti-factor Xa activity when LAH was added to plasma containing low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), indicating that LMWH binds less to plasma proteins than unfractionated heparin. This concept is supported by studies comparing the anticoagulant activity of unfractionated heparin and LMWH in plasma with that in buffer containing antithrombin III. The anti-factor Xa activity of unfractionated heparin was 2-fold less in plasma than in the purified system. In contrast, LMWH had identical anti-factor Xa activity in both plasma and buffer, respectively. These findings may be clinically relevant because the recovered anti-factor Xa activity of unfractionated heparin was 33% lower in plasma from patients with suspected venous thrombosis than in plasma from healthy volunteers. The reduced heparin recovery in patient plasma reflects increased heparin binding to plasma proteins because the addition of LAH augmented the anti-factor Xa activity. In contrast to unfractionated heparin, there was complete recovery of LMWH added to patient plasma and little increase of anti-factor Xa activity after the addition of LAH. These findings may explain why LMWH gives a more predictable dose response than unfractionated heparin.


1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (02) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Mismetti ◽  
J Reynaud ◽  
B Tardy-Poncet ◽  
S Laporte-Simitsidis ◽  
M Scully ◽  
...  

SummaryLow molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is currently prescribed for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis at the dose of 100 IU antiXa/kg twice daily or at a dose of 175 IU antiXa/kg once daily with a similar efficacy. We decided to study the chrono-pharmacology of curative dose of LMWH once daily administrated according to the one previously described with unfractionated heparin (UFH).Ten healthy volunteers participated in an open three-period crossover study according to three 24 h cycles, separated by a wash-out interval lasting 7 days: one control cycle without injection, two cycles with subcutaneous injection of 200 IU antiXa/kg of Dalteparin (Fragmin®) at 8 a.m. or at 8 p.m. Parameters of heparin activity were analysed as maximal values and area under the curve.Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) were higher after 8 p.m. injection than after 8 a.m. injection (p <0.05) while no chrono-pharmacological variation of anti factor Xa (AXa) activity was observed. Thus the biological anticoagulant effect of 200 IU antiXa/kg of Dalteparin seems to be higher after an evening injection than after a morning injection.A chrono-therapeutic approach with LMWH, as prescribed once daily, deserves further investigation since our results suggest that a preferential injection time may optimise the clinical efficacy of these LMWH.


1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hoylaerts ◽  
E Holmer ◽  
M de Mol ◽  
D Collen

SummaryTwo high affinity heparin fragments (A/r 4,300 and M, 3,200) were covalently coupled to antithrombin III (J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 3401-3408) with an apparent 1:1 stoichiometry and a 30-35% yield.The purified covalent complexes inhibited factor Xa with second order rate constants very similar to those obtained for antithrombin III saturated with these heparin fragments and to that obtained for the covalent complex between antithrombin III and native high affinity heparin.The disappearance rates from plasma in rabbits of both low molecular weight heparin fragments and their complexes could adequately be represented by two-compartment mammillary models. The plasma half-life (t'/j) of both low Afr-heparin fragments was approximately 2.4 hr. Covalent coupling of the fragments to antithrombin III increased this half-life about 3.5 fold (t1/2 ≃ 7.7 hr), approaching that of free antithrombin III (t1/2 ≃ 11 ± 0.4 hr) and resulting in a 30fold longer life time of factor Xa inhibitory activity in plasma as compared to that of free intact heparin (t1/2 ≃ 0.25 ± 0.04 hr).


Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1356-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara P. Schick ◽  
David Maslow ◽  
Adrianna Moshinski ◽  
James D. San Antonio

Abstract Patients given unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis sometimes suffer serious bleeding. We showed previously that peptides containing 3 or more tandem repeats of heparin-binding consensus sequences have high affinity for LMWH and neutralize LMWH (enoxaparin) in vivo in rats and in vitro in citrate. We have now modified the (ARKKAAKA)n tandem repeat peptides by cyclization or by inclusion of hydrophobic tails or cysteines to promote multimerization. These peptides exhibit high-affinity binding to LMWH (dissociation constant [Kd], ≈ 50 nM), similar potencies in neutralizing anti–Factor Xa activity of UFH and enoxaparin added to normal plasma in vitro, and efficacy equivalent to or greater than protamine. Peptide (ARKKAAKA)3VLVLVLVL was most effective in all plasmas from enoxaparin-treated patients, and was 4- to 20-fold more effective than protamine. Several other peptide structures were effective in some patients' plasmas. All high-affinity peptides reversed inhibition of thrombin-induced clot formation by UFH. These peptides (1 mg/300 g rat) neutralized 1 U/mL anti–Factor Xa activity of enoxaparin in rats within 1 to 2 minutes. Direct blood pressure and heart rate measurements showed little or no hemodynamic effect. These heparin-binding peptides, singly or in combination, are potential candidates for clinical reversal of UFH and LMWH in humans.


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