scholarly journals Spatio-temporal trends and distribution patterns of typhoid disease in Uganda from 2012 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamukama Ismail ◽  
Gilbert Maiga ◽  
Denis Ssebuggwawo ◽  
Peter Nabende ◽  
Ali Mansourian
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistic ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Populations At Risk

Typhoid disease continues to be a global public health burden. Uganda is one of the African countries characterized by high incidences of typhoid disease. Over 80% of the Ugandan districts are endemic for typhoid, largely attributable to lack of reliable knowledge to support disease surveillance. Spatial-temporal studies exploring major characteristics of the disease within the local population have remained limited in Uganda. The main goal of the study was to reveal spatial-temporal trends and distribution patterns of typhoid disease in Uganda for the period 2012 to 2017. Spatial-temporal statistics revealed monthly and annual trends of the disease at both regional and national levels. Results show that outbreaks occurred during 2015 and 2017 in central and eastern regions, respectively. Spatial scan statistic using the discrete Poisson model revealed spatial clusters of the disease for each of the years from 2012 to 2017, together with populations at risk. Most of the disease clustering was in the central region, followed by western and eastern regions (P <0.01). The northern region was the safest throughout the study period. This knowledge helps surveillance teams to i) plan and enforce preventive measures; ii) effectively prepare for outbreaks; iii) make targeted interventions for resource optimization; and iv) evaluate effectiveness of the intervention methods in the study period. This exploratory research forms a foundation of using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in other related subsequent research studies to discover hidden spatial patterns that are difficult to discover with conventional methods.

scholarly journals Environmental education praxis toward a natural conservation area

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. dos SANTOS ◽  
M. SATO ◽  
J. S. R. PIRES ◽  
P. S. MAROTI
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Education ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Pedagogical Tools ◽  
Global Issues

A non-formal Environmental Education (EE) Program has been implemented in the natural conservation area (Ecological Station of Jataí, Luiz Antônio, São Paulo State), through (EE) paradigms, which consider the objectives of education about, in and for the environment within cultural and natural perspectives. The aim of this Program is to support information and scientific knowledge to provide opportunities to the local population to be aware of environmental impacts and risks resulting from the soil use that threaten the environmental quality and the biodiversity of the Ecological Station of Jataí. The Program understands that the promotion of community empowerment could bring the sense of participation and the directives to management for decision-making for local sustainability. The model was projected on local reality, but considering the global issues of environmental paradigms. The environmental characterization (biophysical components) through a Geographical Information Systems was related to the hydrographic basin analysis. The environmental perception was utilized as a main tool to analyse population understanding of local environment, and (EE) pedagogical tools were produced to promote environmental awareness. Since the ecological dimension of (EE) was the main approach, the programme intends to assemble the cultural perspective, achieving the global view of (EE).

scholarly journals Rationale and design of the violence, injury and trauma observatory (VITO): the Cape Town VITO pilot studies protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e016485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardil Jabar ◽  
Tolu Oni ◽  
Mark E Engel ◽  
Nemanja Cvetkovic ◽  
Richard Matzopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Clinical Databases ◽  
Short Period

The establishment of violence and injury observatories elsewhere has been found to reduce the burden within a relatively short period. Currently no integrated system exists in South Africa to provide collated data on violence, to allow for targeted interventions and routine monitoring and evaluation.This research seeks to identify if bringing multiple data sources, including but not limited to data from the South African Police Service (SAPS), Forensic Pathology Services (FPS), Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and local hospital clinical databases, together are (1) feasible; (2) able to generate data for action, that is valid, reliable and robust and (3) able to lead to interventions.The violence, injury and trauma observatory (VITO) is a planned collaborative, multicentre study of clinical, police and forensic data for violence and injury in the City of Cape Town, where a local context exists of access to multiple source of health and non-health data. The VITO will initially be piloted in Khayelitsha, a periurban community characterised by increased rates of violence, where fatal and non-fatal injury data will be sourced from within the community for the period 2012–2015 and subjected to descriptive statistics and time-trend analyses. Analysed data will be visualised using story maps, data clocks, web maps and other geographical information systems-related products.This study has been approved by the University of Cape Town’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 861/2016). We intend to disseminate our findings among stakeholders within the local government safety cluster, non-governmental organisations working within the violence prevention sector and the afflicted communities through the SAPS and violence prevention through urban upgrading community forums. Findings from this work will serve to identify important issues and trends, influence public policy and develop evidence-based interventions.

scholarly journals Foot and mouth disease in Zambia: Spatial and temporal distributions of outbreaks, assessment of clusters and implications for control

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yona Sinkala ◽  
Martin Simuunza ◽  
John B. Muma ◽  
Dirk U. Pfeiffer ◽  
Christopher J. Kasanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistic ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), but little is known about the epidemiology of the disease in these endemic settings. The fundamental questions relate to the spatio-temporal distribution of FMD cases and what determines their occurrence. A retrospective review of FMD cases in Zambia from 1981 to 2012 was conducted using geographical information systems and the SaTScan software package. Information was collected from peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, laboratory reports, unpublished scientific reports and grey literature. A space–time permutation probability model using a varying time window of one year was used to scan for areas with high infection rates. The spatial scan statistic detected a significant purely spatial cluster around the Mbala–Isoka area between 2009 and 2012, with secondary clusters in Sesheke–Kazungula in 2007 and 2008, the Kafue flats in 2004 and 2005 and Livingstone in 2012. This study provides evidence of the existence of statistically significant FMD clusters and an increase in occurrence in Zambia between 2004 and 2012. The identified clusters agree with areas known to be at high risk of FMD. The FMD virus transmission dynamics and the heterogeneous variability in risk within these locations may need further investigation.

scholarly journals 862. Spatial Distribution of HIV Transmission in Ethiopia and Characteristics of HIV Clusters

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S21-S21
Author(s):  
Roger Ying ◽  
Lelisa Fekadu ◽  
Bruce R Schackman ◽  
Stéphane Verguet
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistic ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Unsafe Injections ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Trends

Abstract Background HIV prevalence in Ethiopia has decreased by nearly 75% in the past 20 years with the implementation of antiretroviral therapy, but HIV transmission continues in certain high-risk regions around the country. Identification of the spatial and temporal trends of these transmission clusters, as well as their epidemiologic correlates, can lead to refinement of targeted interventions. Methods We used data from the 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey program (DHS). The spatial-temporal distribution of HIV was estimated using the Kuldorff spatial scan statistic, which determines the likelihood ratio of HIV within possible circular clusters across the country. Significant clusters (P &lt; 0.05) were identified and compared based on known HIV risk factors using descriptive statistics to compare them to the noncluster area of the country. All analyses were conducted in SaTScan and R. Results Data from 11,383, 29,812, and 26,753 individuals with HIV were included in the 2005, 2011, and 2016 DHS, respectively. Four HIV clusters were identified consistently over the 3 time points, with the clusters representing 17% of the total population and 47% of all HIV cases. The 4 clusters were centered on the Addis Ababa, Afar, Dire Dawa/Harare, and Gambella regions, respectively. Cluster 1 is characterized by higher levels of unsafe injections (4.9% vs. 2.2%, P &lt; 0.001) and high-risk occupations, such as truck drivers (5.7% vs. 1.7%, P &lt; 0.001), when compared with noncluster regions, but by lower levels of transactional sex (18.6% vs. 23.0%, P &lt; 0.001). Cluster 2 is also characterized by higher levels of high-risk occupations (2.8% vs. 1.7%, P &lt; 0.01), whereas cluster 4 is characterized by a lower prevalence of circumcised men (59.1% vs. 91.3%, P &lt; 0.01). No cluster had significantly higher levels of having more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months, although cluster 3 had a significantly lower level (0% vs. 1.7%, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion HIV in Ethiopia is composed of heterogeneous clusters of HIV transmission that appear to be driven by different risk factors. Further decreasing the HIV burden will likely require targeted and prioritized interventions in specific regions rather than uniform national policies. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Spatial analysis for the epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic literature search

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Mena ◽  
Cesar Sepúlveda ◽  
Eduardo Fuentes ◽  
Yony Ormazábal ◽  
Iván Palomo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Statistical Weight ◽  
Cluster Detection ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Local Cluster ◽  
Populations At Risk

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary cause of death and disability in de world, and the detection of populations at risk as well as localization of vulnerable areas is essential for adequate epidemiological management. Techniques developed for spatial analysis, among them geographical information systems and spatial statistics, such as cluster detection and spatial correlation, are useful for the study of the distribution of the CVDs. These techniques, enabling recognition of events at different geographical levels of study (e.g., rural, deprived neighbourhoods, etc.), make it possible to relate CVDs to factors present in the immediate environment. The systemic literature presented here shows that this group of diseases is clustered with regard to incidence, mortality and hospitalization as well as obesity, smoking, increased glycated haemoglobin levels, hypertension physical activity and age. In addition, acquired variables such as income, residency (rural or urban) and education, contribute to CVD clustering. Both local cluster detection and spatial regression techniques give statistical weight to the findings providing valuable information that can influence response mechanisms in the health services by indicating locations in need of intervention and assignment of available resources.

Governance issues constraining the deployment of flood resilience strategies in Maroua, Far North Region of Cameroon

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarkson Mvo Wanie ◽  
Roland Akoh Ndi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Far North ◽  
The City

Purpose Cities across the globe, particularly those of the less developed world, face long-term challenges associated with floods which impact negatively on the resilience of city systems and their inhabitants. In the city of Maroua, most urban management stakeholders have been unable to integrate flood resilience research into urban development issues. It is against this background that the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the governance issues constraining the deployment of flood resilience strategies implemented by residents in flood-prone zones and those used by the government via administrative authorities and institutions charged with urban development to flood-related risks in the city of Maroua, Far North Region of Cameroon. Design/methodology/approach Field surveys, participant observations, interviews, and on-the-spot appraisals were carried out with residents in flood-prone neighbourhoods and municipal authorities on the state of recurrent floods including mitigating strategies being implemented. Findings The results revealed that Maroua has a fragile ecological setting which has increased the vulnerability of the town to flood-related risks. This is further aggravated by the fact that municipal authorities are yet to have a thorough mastery of such recurrent flood incidences due to their limited planning horizons, rendering the urban poor disproportionately susceptible to flood-related stresses. This exposes them to unavoidable flood associated hazards such as water borne diseases (typhoid and cholera) as they are bogged down by physical and financial limitations. Besides, decision-making processes in relation to managing urban systems are not guided by good governance as efforts to enhance and integrate the local population for flood resilience are neither participatory nor inclusive, ushering the urban environment of Maroua into a frivolous path to profligacy. Originality/value For resilience to be deeply entrenched, the paper proffers for the mainstreaming of flood resilience strategies into urban development plans through multi-stakeholder involvement across different sectors and departments, as well as the setting up of a practical time table for monitoring the progress of these measures through geospatial technologies such as remote sensing and geographical information systems.

scholarly journals Distribution of Idanthyrsus cretus (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific and application of PCR-RAPD for population analysis

Zoosymposia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 487-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. BARRIOS ◽  
S. J. CHAMBERS ◽  
N. ISMAIL ◽  
H. M. GUZMAN ◽  
J. M. MAIR
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Tropical Eastern Pacific ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Sabellariid polychaetes, commonly known as honeycomb worms, are capable of forming large reef-like aggregations. One species, Idanthyrsus cretus, has recently been found in several localities during surveys of Las Perlas Archipelago, Pacific Panama. Large reefs of this species have not been recorded elsewhere in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The reef distribution patterns were examined and mapped with the aid of Geographical Information Systems. Principal Component Analysis showed that the distribution of polychaete reefs in Las Perlas Archipelago and the reef building itself seem to be mainly dependent on depth, suitable substrate, and topography, the potential particle size for tube building, and wave exposure. Cluster analysis of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction molecular techniques demonstrated that the polychaete reefs in Las Perlas Archipelago may be derived from one population.

scholarly journals THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE DETERMINATION OF AREAS AT RISK OF DENGUE IN THE SÃO PAULO STATE

GEOGRAFIA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Thiago Salomão de AZEVEDO ◽  
Maria Anice Mureb SALLUM
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Central South ◽  
Geostatistics Analysis

The Dengue Virus is a Flavivirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. This arbovirus is responsible for one of the main problems of global public health, because it is estimated that over 80 million people are infected by it every year. In Brazil there are reports that dengue fever epidemics have been present from the beginning of the twentieth century. However, the first dengue fever outbreak documented in the country occurred in 1982. From that point on, the Brazilian territory has been plagued by several of these epidemics. Among the various attempts to elucidate the factors that influence the dynamics of the transmission of dengue fever, the Brazilian Ministry of Health reorganized, in 2002, the National Plan to Combat Dengue Fever and instituted a normative procedure by which the areas affected by this epidemic should be mapped. The use of geographical information systems is a powerful tool for the spatial analysis of risk; by this means the spatial distribution of the event can be described and associations between an event and its determinants can be observed. Based on these assumptions this study aims to determine the geospatial patterns of dengue fever outbreaks in S„o Paulo State, Brazil. This region has been seriously affected by successive epidemics during the last 15 years. We have used conventional and spatial analytical tools (geostatistics analysis) to discern the patterns of the epidemic scenarios. Results showed that dengue fever outbreaks have affected two principal areas of risk: one located in the northwest and the other in the central-south portion of the S„o Paulo State

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