scholarly journals Spatio-temporal outbreaks of campylobacteriosis and the role of fresh-milk vending machines in the Czech Republic: A methodological study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Marek ◽  
Vít Pászto
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Vending Machines ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Spatial Method ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Inspired by local outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in the Czech Republic in 2010 linked to the debate about alleged health risks of the raw milk consumption, a detailed study was carried out. Firstly, scanning was utilised to identify spatio-temporal clusters of the disease from 2008 to 2012. Then a spatial method (geographical profiling originally developed for criminology) served as assessment in selecting fresh-milk vending machines that could have contributed to some of the local campylobacteriosis outbreaks. Even though an area of increased relative risk of the disease was identified in the affected city of České Budějovice during January and February 2010, geoprofiling did not identify any vending machines in the area as the potential source. However, possible sources in some nearby cities were suggested. Overall, 14 high-rate clusters including the localisation of 9% of the vending machines installed in the Czech Republic were found in the period 2008-2012. Although the vending machines are subject to strict hygiene standards and regular testing, a potential link between a small number of them and the spatial distribution of campylobacteriosis has been detected in the Czech Republic. This should be taken into account in public health research of the disease.

scholarly journals INNOVATION-BASED RURAL DEVELOPMENT REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE DWELLINGS CONSTRUCTION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 37-52
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Spatial Structures ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Czech Society

The article presents the results of an analysis of the spatial distribution of the construction of new dwellings in the Czech Republic in the period after 1989. This period represents a major turnaround in the Czech society and the associated transformation of the Czech economy from a centrally planned economy toward a free market. These changes were also significantly reflected in theconstructionof new dwellings. The article analyses the spatio-temporal evolution of the constructionof new dwellingsat the level of the Czech Republic and its partial spatial structures. The results indicate significant differences in the regional distribution of the construction of new dwellingsin the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Largest enterprises in the Czech Republic: A spatio-temporal perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Sucháček ◽  
Petra Baránek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Spatial Profile ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Large Enterprise ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Large Enterprises

This article focuses on spatial structure of one hundred largest enterprises in the Czech Republic from evolutionary perspective. The location of large enterprise headquarters in the Czech Republic and its implications for country’s economic spatial profile and unevenly distributed economic power is discussed thoroughly. The whole analysis is pragmatically accomplished at the level of self-governmental NUTS III regions. As it is shown, intense concentration processes in the location of largest enterprise headquarters were observed during the analyzed period between 1995 and 2010. The capital city with its surroundings proved to be the winners of this process. Currently, the spatial pattern of afore mentioned head offices is basically stabilized. On the other hand, weight of large enterprises of many regions is almost negligible and subsequently, rank of individual regions can be rather volatile. Generally speaking, economic map of the Czech Republic is not entirely in compliance with country’s settlement system. Simultaneously, fundamental factors determining the location of large enterprise head offices are evaluated also from qualitative perspective. Traditional hard location factors, such as infrastructure, geographical location or agglomeration economies turned out to be decisive for location decision-making. Apart from Prague, headquarters of large enterprises tend to prefer other big towns in the country, such as Brno, Ostrava, Olomouc, Hradec Králové or Plzeň.

scholarly journals Analysis of development of basic characteristics of the dairy industry in the Czech Republic

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Renata Kučerová
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Basic Characteristics

The paper deals with the analysis of changes in the development of basic characteristics of the dairy industry in the Czech Republic, which cohere with the integration of the Czech Republic into the European Union. The attention is paid on size of the market, growth rate, life cycle, development of prices and development of foreign trade. The total domestic consumption reached 2111.1 million litres in 2004. The industry is in the maturity. The excess of supply exists in the industry; the growth rate is low, under 5% per year. The integration of the Czech Republic into the EU didn’t bring about changes in the development of basic characteristics – size of the market, growth rate, and life cycle. The volume of production changed. The total volume of purchase of raw milk for production went down by 1.4% to the value in 2000. And all prices in the product vertical – milk and milk products (prices of agricultural producers, production prices and consumer’s prices) rose.The paper is a part of solution of the research plan of the FBE MUAF in Brno, No. MSM 6215648904.

scholarly journals The competitiveness of Czech agrarian trade within the context of the global crisis

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Smutka ◽  
J. Burianová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The World ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Very High

World trade underwent a significant shock within the recent years, which caused a decline in the world economy primarily in the year 2009. Within the following years (2010 and 2011), the high rate of growth from the years preceding the crisis could not be restored. The crisis had an impact on all segments of the merchandise trade, whereby the trade in agricultural and food products was affected the least by the crisis. In the case of the Czech Republic, the crisis of the global and national economy was reflected in the case of agricultural trade primarily by the way of a decline in the rate of the growth of export, which was very high in the period prior to the crisis. As far as the territorial structure and commodity structure of agricultural trade is concerned, their development in the years 2008–2011 was not affected in any largely significant manner. In relation to the main objective of this article, which was to identify the effects of the crisis on the competitiveness of Czech agricultural trade, it may be stated that the crisis itself did not worsen the competitiveness of agricultural trade in any significant manner.  

scholarly journals Development of livestock in numbers and structure from the regional and administrative aspect

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Střeleček ◽  
J. Lososová ◽  
J. Kvapilík
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Direct Payments ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The Eu

The contribution deals with the development of livestock since 1990. Since that year, beef and dairy cattle numbers have dropped by more than 50 percent in the Czech Republic. This decrease has been partly compensated by an increase in efficiency, yet milk production has dropped to 55% in this period and beef production to 60% compared with 1989. The declining amount of cultivated land in the Czech Republic has resulted in a decrease in the stocking rate and the corresponding production. It adversely influences the economy namely in highland areas. In this sense the high rate of permanent pastures with low stocking rate enables to efficiently exploit the EU direct payments and thus the direct payment system discriminates above all the farms in highland areas (potato and oat-growing areas and upland production areas).

scholarly journals Quality of raw milk from a farm with automatic milking system in the Czech Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohumíra Janštová ◽  
Michaela Dračková ◽  
Kateřina Dlesková ◽  
Šárka Cupáková ◽  
Lenka Necidová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Milk Analysis ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Automatic Milking System ◽  
Automatic Milking

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of raw cow’s milk from an automatic milking system. Samples of milk (48) were analyzed chemically and microbiologically and the somatic cell count, freezing point and inhibitor residues were determined. For comparison purposes, milk analysis data from two farms using conventional machine milking and 2008 milk analysis report data for the Czech Republic were used. All physical and chemical characteristics of the study samples were within the established limits. The average content (%) of chemical indicators was following: fat 3.79 ± 0.18, protein 3.46 ± 0.06, casein 2.67 ± 0.09, lactose 4.82 ± 0.04 and NFS 8.96 ± 0.11. The values for freezing point and somatic cells count were 221 ± 46.103·ml-1 and -0.521 ± 0.003 °C respectively. No inhibitor residue was detected in any of the samples. Microbiological values were lower than the limits: the total microbial count (2.3·104 CFU·ml-1), psychrotrophic count (6.3·103 CFU·ml-1), coliform count (2.4·101 CFU·ml-1), Escherichia coli count (3.2·101 CFU·ml-1), enterococci count (8.5·101 CFU·ml-1) and Staphylococcus aureus count (1.1·101 CFU·ml-1). The study provides a comprehensive view on the quality of milk produced by robotic milking. The automatic milking system seems to be excellent in terms of milking and milk hygiene.

scholarly journals Resistance to erythromycin of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the food chain

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schlegelova ◽  
H. Vlkova ◽  
V. Babak ◽  
M. Holasova ◽  
Z. Jaglic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Efflux Mechanism ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to determine both the occurrence and the genetic basis of resistance to erythromycin among 1 235 <I>Staphylococcus</I> spp. isolates obtained between 2000 and 2006 from (a) raw milk and meat (1 704 samples), (b) foodstuffs produced from these (451 samples), and (c) contact surfaces at processing plants and dairy farms (363 samples) in the Czech Republic. Isolates were screened by broth microdilution method for resistance to erythromycin and further 11 antimicrobial agents. In addition, isolates were screened by agar dilution (erythromycin range 1–128 mg/l) and D-zone test for inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (iMLS<sub>B</sub>). Forty isolates were found to be either resistant, or intermediate, to erythromycin (3.2% of isolates); of these, more than 50% were identified as <I>S. epidermidis</I>. A total of 15 (1.2%) resistant isolates of staphylococci originated from foodstuffs. Resistance mediated by methylation – i.e. iMLS<sub>B</sub>-resistance (10 isolates with the <I>erm</I>(A) or <I>erm</I> (C) gene) and constitutive MLS<sub>B</sub>-resistance (one isolate with the <I>erm</I> (B) and <I>erm</I> (C) genes) – exhibited a significantly high level of resistance to erythromycin with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 64 – >128 mg/l (MIC<sub>mode</sub> = >128 mg/l). In contrast, the efflux mechanism encoded by the <I>msr</I>(A) gene (13 isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 4–128, MIC<sub>mode</sub> = 128 mg/l), the inactivation mechanisms of resistance encoded by the <I>mph</I>(C) gene (three isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 8–32 mg/l), and/or their combination (13 isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 4–128, MIC<sub>mode</sub> = 64 mg/l) led to lower MIC values. The efflux gene <iomsr</I>(A) dominated among the erythromycin-resistant isolates (65% of resistant isolates). This first report on the resistance of <I>Staphylococcus</I> spp. to erythromycin in the Czech Republic illustrates that, while occurrence was low, isolates from food were nevertheless carriers of <I>erm</I> (A), <I>erm</I> (B), <I>erm</I> (C),<I> msr</I>(A) and <I>mph</I>(C) genes for resistance to erythromycin and, therefore, represent a potential thread to humans.

scholarly journals Factors That Influence the Selling of Milk Through Milk Vending Machines

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Doležalová ◽  
Kamil Pícha ◽  
Josef Navrátil ◽  
Aneta Bezemková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Vending Machines ◽  
Milk Market ◽  
Total Sales ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this paper is to assess the current situation in the sale of milk through vending machines in the context of the previous period of the decline in milk consumption, the transition of the Czech Republic towards the market economy, the transformation of agriculture, the entry into the EU and the concentration in the milk market and to define the basic motivational factors and barriers of the development of this distribution path. Technical problems with sales, intent to diversify milk selling and aiming the high profitability of the sale are the reasons for operating vending machines that are correlated with the share of this selling channel on producers' total sales of milk. Vending machines are inhibited by misinformation from state authorities; other problems are weak support by media and low consumer awareness. The expectations of the operators concerning the development of the situation of the milk vending machines are rather optimistic: 36% of them expect an increase in sales, 48% expect the stagnation and only 16% expect the decrease.

scholarly journals Differences of some indicators of raw milk properties and especially mineral composition between small ruminants as compared to cows in the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Marcela Vyletělová ◽  
Václava Genčurová ◽  
Irena Hulová ◽  
Hana Landová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
True Protein

Sheep and goat farming is returning back into the Czech Republic (CR) because of positive effects of alternative milk consumption on human health. Especially the elements Ca and Mg are important for nutrition. Paper presents the comparison of mineral milk composition of goats (White short–haired–W, n = 60), sheep (Tsigai–C, n = 60) and cows (Holstein–H, n = 36; Czech Fleckvieh–B, n = 93). Cow milk results were considered as reference. The herds were kept at altitude 260 m (H), 360 m (B), and 572 m above sea level (W, C) with total precipitation 449, 700 and 1200 mm per year and mean air temperatures 9.6, 7.0 and 3.7 °C. Bulk milk samples (4–8 animals in sample) from the first two thirds of the lactation and the winter and summer season were investigated. Goat milk freezing point differed from other species (P < 0.001), −0.6048 for C < −0.5544 W < −0.5320 H < −0.5221 °C for B. Cow milk Ca values were comparable to former results although milk yield (MY) was higher. Along lower MY the Ca was higher (1299.6 > 1172.0 mg . kg−1; P < 0.001) in B than H, similar trend was in Mg (122.0 > 107.4 mg . kg−1; P<0.001). Differences (P > 0.05) between species were in Ni and also mostly in Cu. Iodine results differed between species but not between cow breeds (P < 0.001; 462.8 H and 434.9 B > 126.0 W and 164.2 μg . l−1 C). It could be explainable by using of I disinfection at teat treatment in cows and absence of treatment in small ruminants. Macroelements were mostly highest (Ca, P, Na, Mg) in sheep milk, with exception of K. Phosphorus values (950.1 H, 1016.9 B, 1042.6 W and 1596.7 mg . kg−1 C) in species were linked with crude or true protein and casein values. Small ruminant milk could be good source of minerals for human nutrition, especially in the case of Ca and Mg of sheep and goat milk.

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