scholarly journals Spatial abundance and human biting rate of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus in savannah and rice agro-ecosystems of Central Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard E.G. Mboera ◽  
Veneranda M. Bwana ◽  
Susan F. Rumisha ◽  
Grades Stanley ◽  
Patrick K. Tungu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Malaria Mosquito ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Rice Irrigation ◽  
Malaria Mosquitoes ◽  
Human Biting Rate

This study was carried out to determine the spatial variations in malaria mosquito abundance and human biting rate in five villages representing rice-irrigation and savannah ecosystems in Kilosa District, central Tanzania. The study involved five villages namely Tindiga and Malui (wetland/rice irrigation), Twatwatwa and Mbwade (dry savannah) and Kimamba (wet savannah). Indoor mosquitoes were sampled using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps in three houses in each village. <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> s.l. molecular identification was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 936 female mosquitoes were collected. About half (46.9%) were malaria mosquitoes (<em>Anopheles gambiae</em> s.l.=28.6%; <em>An. funestus</em>= 18.3%). A total of 161 (60.1%) of the morphologically identified <em>An. gambiae</em> s.l. (268) and subjected to PCR analysis for speciation were genotyped as <em>An. arabiensis</em>. The <em>An. funestus</em> complex mosquitoes were composed of <em>An. funestus</em> funestus and <em>An. rivulorum</em> at the 5:1 ratio. On average, 17.9 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected per village per day. Two-thirds (62.8%) of the malaria mosquitoes were collected in Malui (rice agro-ecosystem) and the lowest number (2.3%) in Twatwatwa (dry savannah ecosystem). The biting rate per person per night for <em>An. arabiensis</em>+<em>An. funestus</em> s.s. was highest in Malui (46.0) and lowest in Twatwatwa (1.67). The parity rate of the <em>An. funestus</em> mosquitoes was lower compared to that of <em>An. arabiensis</em> and none of the mosquitoes was infected with malaria sporozoites. In conclusion, <em>An. arabiensis</em> is the most abundant malaria vector in Kilosa district and its variation is related to the ecological system. The heterogeneity in malaria mosquito abundance and human biting rate could be used to guide selection of locally appropriated control interventions.

scholarly journals Molasses as a source of carbon dioxide for attracting the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins K Mweresa ◽  
Philemon Omusula ◽  
Bruno Otieno ◽  
Joop JA van Loon ◽  
Willem Takken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Malaria Mosquitoes

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance status of the malaria mosquitoes: Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in eastern and northern Uganda

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Okia ◽  
David F. Hoel ◽  
James Kirunda ◽  
John Bosco Rwakimari ◽  
Betty Mpeka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Malaria Mosquitoes

scholarly journals 2-Butanone as a carbon dioxide mimic in attractant blends for the Afrotropical malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monicah M. Mburu ◽  
Collins K. Mweresa ◽  
Philemon Omusula ◽  
Alexandra Hiscox ◽  
Willem Takken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Malaria Mosquitoes

scholarly journals High malaria transmission sustained by Anopheles gambiae s.l. occurring both indoors and outdoors in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Doumbe-Belisse ◽  
Carmene Sandra Ngadjeu ◽  
Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana ◽  
Abdou Talipouo ◽  
Landre Djamouko-Djonkam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
The City

Background: Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon; however, despite reports on the adaptation of anopheline species to urban habitats, there is still not enough information on malaria transmission pattern in urban settings. In the frame of a larval control trial in the city of Yaoundé, we conducted baseline surveys to assess malaria transmission dynamics in this city. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using CDC light traps and human landing catches from March 2017 to March 2018 in 30 districts of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Mosquitoes were sorted by genus and identified to the species level using PCR. The TaqMan method and ELISA were used to determine mosquito infection status to Plasmodium. Bioassays were conducted to assess female Anopheles gambiae susceptibility to insecticides. Results: A total of 218,991 mosquitoes were collected. The main malaria vectors were An. gambiae s.l. (n=6154) and An. funestus s.l. (n=229). Of the 1476 An. gambiae s.l. processed by PCR, 92.19% were An. coluzzii and 7.81% An. gambiae. An. funestus s.l. was composed of 93.01% (173/186) An. funestus and 4.84% (13/186) An. leesoni. The average biting rate of anopheline was significantly high outdoor than indoor (P=0.013). Seasonal variation in mosquito abundance and biting rate was recorded. The infection rate by Plasmodium falciparum was 2.13% (104/4893 mosquitoes processed). The annual entomological inoculation rate was found to vary from 0 to 92 infective bites/man/year (ib/m/y). Malaria transmission risk was high outdoor (66.65 ib/m/y) compared to indoor (31.14 ib/m/y). An. gambiae s.l. was found highly resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. High prevalence of the West Africa kdr allele 1014F was recorded and this was not found to influence An. gambiae s.l. infection status.   Conclusion: The study suggests high malaria transmission occurring in the city of Yaoundé and call for immediate actions to improve control strategies.

scholarly journals Insights into factors sustaining persistence of high malaria transmission in forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Mvoua, South Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Mieguim Ngninpogni ◽  
Cyrille Ndo ◽  
Patrick Ntonga Akono ◽  
Anicet Nguemo ◽  
Amine Nguepi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Kisumu Strain

Abstract Background In Mvoua, a village situated in a forested area of Cameroon, recent studies have reported high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection among the population. In order to understand factors that can sustain such a high malaria transmission, we investigated the biology of Anopheles vectors and its susceptibility to insecticides, as well as long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) coverage, use and bio-efficacy. Methods A longitudinal entomological survey was conducted from July 2018 to April 2019. Adult mosquitoes were collected using the human landing catch (HLC) method and identified using morphological and molecular techniques. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were sampled from several stagnant water pools throughout the village and reared to generate F1 adults. The presence of P. falciparum circumsporozoite antigen was detected in the heads and thoraces of mosquitoes collected as adults using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The insecticide susceptibility status of the local An. gambiae (s.l.) F1 population to the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin 0.5% and permethrin 0.75% was determined using World Health Organization-tube bioassays, while the frequency of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation was determined by PCR. Coverage, use and physical integrity of LLINs were assessed in households, then cone assays were used to test for their bio-efficacy on both the reference insecticide-susceptible Kisumu strain and on field F1 An. gambiae (s.l.) Results In total, 110 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected, of which 59.1% were identified as Anopheles funestus (s.l.), 38.18% as An. gambiae (s.l.) and 2.72% as An. ziemanii. Anopheles funestus was the most abundant species except in the long rainy season, when An. gambiae (s.l.) predominated (65.8%). In the dry seasons, vectors were principally endophagous (76% of those collected indoors) while they tended to be exophagous (66% of those collected outdoors) in rainy seasons. High Plasmodium infection was observed in An. gambiae (s.l.) and An. funestus, with a circumsporozoitic rate of 14.29 and 10.77%, respectively. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was highly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides (mortality rates: 32% for permethrin and 5% for deltamethrin) and harbored the kdr-L1014F mutation at a high frequency (89.74%). Of the 80 households surveyed, only 47.69% had achieved universal coverage with LLNs. Around 70% of the LLINs sampled were in poor physical condition, with a proportionate hole index > 300. Of the ten LLNs tested, eight were effective against the An. gambiae reference insecticide-susceptible Kisumu strain, showing mortality rate of > 80%, while none of these LLINs were efficient against local An. gamabie (s.l.) populations (mortality rates < 11.5%). Conclusion A combination of elevated P. falciparum infection in Anopheles vector populations, insufficient coverage and loss of effectiveness of LLINs due to physical degradation, as well as high resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is responsible for the persistence of high malaria transmission in forested rural area of Mvoua, Cameroon.

scholarly journals Low-resolution genome map of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (24) ◽  
pp. 11187-11191 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Zheng ◽  
R. D. Saunders ◽  
D. Fortini ◽  
A. della Torre ◽  
M. Coluzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Mosquito ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Genome Map ◽  
Mosquito Anopheles Gambiae
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