Cu electroplating chemistry and process enabling rapid TSV filling with long bath life

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000510-000529
Author(s):  
Matthew A Thorseth ◽  
Luis Gomez ◽  
Mark Scalisi ◽  
Bryan Lieb ◽  
Mark Lefebvre ◽  
...  

Through-silicon via (TSV) filling with electroplated Cu with short plating times and long bath life remains a challenge within the semiconductor and electronic packaging industries. TSVs are the primary enabler for advanced 3D architectures such as hybrid memory cubes, wide IO DDR memory, as well as chip interconnections through interposers. The TSV needs to be completely filled with void-free Cu for high reliability. Organic additives are used to achieve a bottom-up, superconformal filling profile, required for void-free filling in high aspect ratio vias. The development and selection of the proper organic additives, optimized plating process, and implementation of advanced bath control techniques enable short TSV electroplating times, while also allowing for robust operation and high bath stability. Dow's INTERLINK™ 9200 Cu TSV plating bath with the Applied Materials TSPlus plating system allows 10×100 μm vias to be filled in less than 1 hour and 5×50 μm vias filled in under 20 minutes while having a bath life greater than 40 A hr L-1 in continuous operation. This combination also exhibits low overburden for stress management, CMP cost reductions, and high reliability.

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila Gorbunova ◽  

The article discusses the procedure of the preparation of test materials for the diagnosis of cognitive learning outcomes in chemistry. It is shown that the use of the thesaurus approach to the selection of the content and methods of mathematical statistics provides a test with high reliability and validity coefficients. Key words: diagnostic test, chemistry, educational measurement.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J. Schiessler ◽  
Tim Würger ◽  
Sviatlana V. Lamaka ◽  
Robert H. Meißner ◽  
Christian J. Cyron ◽  
...  

AbstractThe degradation behaviour of magnesium and its alloys can be tuned by small organic molecules. However, an automatic identification of effective organic additives within the vast chemical space of potential compounds needs sophisticated tools. Herein, we propose two systematic approaches of sparse feature selection for identifying molecular descriptors that are most relevant for the corrosion inhibition efficiency of chemical compounds. One is based on the classical statistical tool of analysis of variance, the other one based on random forests. We demonstrate how both can—when combined with deep neural networks—help to predict the corrosion inhibition efficiencies of chemical compounds for the magnesium alloy ZE41. In particular, we demonstrate that this framework outperforms predictions relying on a random selection of molecular descriptors. Finally, we point out how autoencoders could be used in the future to enable even more accurate automated predictions of corrosion inhibition efficiencies.


2021 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Eric Markley ◽  
◽  
David Q. Le ◽  
Peter Germonpré ◽  
Costantino Balestra ◽  
...  

Venous gas emboli (VGE) are often quantified as a marker of decompression stress on echocardiograms. Bubble-counting has been proposed as an easy to learn method, but remains time-consuming, rendering large dataset analysis impractical. Computer automation of VGE counting following this method has therefore been suggested as a means to eliminate rater bias and save time. A necessary step for this automation relies on the selection of a frame during late ventricular diastole (LVD) for each cardiac cycle of the recording. Since electrocardiograms (ECG) are not always recorded in field experiments, here we propose a fully automated method for LVD frame selection based on regional intensity minimization. The algorithm is tested on 20 previously acquired echocardiography recordings (from the original bubble-counting publication), half of which were acquired at rest (Rest) and the other half after leg flexions (Flex). From the 7,140 frames analyzed, sensitivity was found to be 0.913 [95% CI: 0.875-0.940] and specificity 0.997 [95% CI: 0.996-0.998]. The method’s performance is also compared to that of random chance selection and found to perform significantly better (p<0.0001). No trend in algorithm performance was found with respect to VGE counts, and no significant difference was found between Flex and Rest (p>0.05). In conclusion, full automation of LVD frame selection for the purpose of bubble counting in post-dive echocardiography has been established with excellent accuracy, although we caution that high quality acquisitions remain paramount in retaining high reliability.


1996 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. S177-S182 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Kiranoudis ◽  
Z.B. Maroulis ◽  
D. Marinos-Kouris

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (04) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Jürgen Stausberg

Summary Objectives: The German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology implemented a field test for the ICD-11 Beta Draft. Aim was to analyze completeness and appropriateness of the ICD-11 Beta Draft in its entire breadth. Methods: Starting point was the synonym thesaurus (“Alphabet”) of the German modification of ICD-10. The Alphabet included a list of diagnoses terms that supports the coding of diagnoses with ICD-10. A sample of 60,328 diagnosis terms was drawn to be mapped to the ICD-11 Beta Draft. A subsample of 13,975 diagnosis terms was prepared for assessing reliability. First, the coders had to assign a diagnosis term from the sample to an appropriate English one. This included the automatic selection of the respective code from the ICD-11 Beta Draft. Secondly, the coders had to answer questions regarding completeness, appropriateness, and other issues. Results: Finally, 49,184 results from 36 coders were available for the analysis. Problems with completeness were indicated in 4.7% of the results, problems with appropriateness in 5.3%. On the level of chapters, Cohen’s kappa reached grade “fair” at a maximum. The coders agreed in 31.4% of the terms. Conclusions: Problems with the ICD-11 Beta Draft appeared to be moderate. Completeness was high, reliability was low as it is known for ICD-10. Concerns with the structure of the ICD-11 Beta Draft were noted, e. g. for neoplasms. A post processing of the ICD-11 Beta Draft seems to be sufficient with regard to the content. Methodologically, a thorough review of the structure might be advisable.


Author(s):  
Е.Г. Раковская ◽  
О.А. Кудряшова

Исследование посвящено изучению возможности применения преобразователя ржавчины П-2 при подготовке поверхности стали к окрашиванию с целью замены экологически вредных механических способов очистки и улучшения его защитных свойств путем введения органических ингибиторов. При механической обработке металлов в больших количествах выделяются мелкодисперсные частички лака, мелкодисперсная металлическая пыль, оксиды металлов (Fe, Al), которые негативно действуют на человека. Для замены вредных для окружающей среды механических способов очистки металлической поверхности предлагается подготовка без удаления продуктов коррозии, которая заключается в нанесении на ржавую поверхность модификаторов или грунтов модификаторов ржавчины. Суть действия модификаторов ржавчины состоит в их способности стабилизировать состояние ржавчины и обезвреживать агрессивные примеси. Ингибиторы коррозии с каждым годом приобретают все большее значение в противокоррозионной защите металлических изделий. Успехи в области разработки научных основ действия ингибиторов и создания новых ингибиторов различного назначения позволили предложить метод противокоррозионной защиты, который основан на введении ингибиторов в лакокрасочные покрытия. Преобразователи ржавчины преобразуют продукты коррозии в нерастворимые соединения, образующие защитные слои, на которые затем наносятся лакокрасочные материалы. Для исследования кинетики электрохимических реакций использовался метод снятия поляризационных кривых с помощью потенциостата П-5828 М. Испытания проводились на стали 3 и стали У8А. Кинетика процессов, протекающих при пассивации, изучалась методом снятия анодных потенциостатических кривых, также определялись сопротивление защитных пленок, выход по току и скорость коррозии. Исследование влияния N- и S-содержащих органических соединений на параметры пассивации стальных образцов в среде преобразователя ржавчины П-2 показало, что данные добавки способствуют переходу стали в пассивное состояние, уменьшают ток пассивации, способствуют увеличению сопротивления пассивных пленок. Следствием такого влияния органических добавок на параметры пассивации является уменьшение выхода металла по току, а следовательно, и уменьшение скорости коррозии. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при подборе ингибиторов, вводимых в преобразователь ржавчины П-2, для более эффективной защиты металла от коррозии и безопасности здоровья человека. The real work is devoted to studying of a possibility of use of the P-2 rust solvent for preparation of a surface of steel for coloring for the purpose of replacement of ecologically harmful mechanical ways of cleaning and improvement of its protective properties by introduction of organic inhibitors. When machining metals in large numbers fine parts of a varnish, fine metal dust, oxides of metals (Fe, Al) which negatively affect the person are allocated. For replacement of mechanical ways of cleaning of a metal surface, harmful to the environment, preparation without removal of products of corrosion which consists in drawing on the rusty surface of modifiers or soil of modifiers of a rust is offered. The essence of operation of modifiers of a rust consists in ability to stabilize their condition of a rust and to neutralize aggressive impurity. Corrosion inhibitors gain the increasing value in anticorrosive protection of metal products every year. Achievements in the field of development of scientific bases of effect of inhibitors and creation of new inhibitors of different function have allowed to offer a method of anticorrosive protection which is based on introduction of inhibitors to paint and varnish coverings. Rust solvents will transform corrosion products to the insoluble connections forming protective layers on which then paints and varnishes are applied. For a research of kinetics of electrochemical reactions the method of removal of polarizing curves by means of a potentsiostat of P-5828 of M was used. Tests were carried out on steel 3 and U8A steel. The kinetics of the processes proceeding at passivation was studied by method of removal the anodic potentiostatic curves, resistance of protective films, an exit was also determined by current and corrosion speed. The research of influence of N-and S-of the containing organic compounds on parameters of passivation of steel samples in the environment of the P-2 rust solvent has shown that these additives promote transition of steel to a passive state, reduce passivation current, promote increase in resistance of passive films. Reduction of an exit of metal on current and consequently, and reduction of speed of corrosion is a consequence of such influence of organic additives on parameters of passivation. Results of work can be used at selection of the inhibitors entered into the P-2 rust solvent for more effective protection of metal against corrosion and safety of health of the person.


1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kawai ◽  
H. Shiraishi ◽  
Y. Nojiri ◽  
A. Tanaka ◽  
N. Furuta ◽  
...  

Following the recommendations of SCOPE in 1978, a ten year study of the methodology for background level monitoring has been conducted using a lake remote from human activities as a sampling “vessel”. The whole study has consisted of: 1. Selection of suitable lakes, 2. Selection of indicator pollutants, 3. Methods for ultra-trace analysis, 4. Examination of the representativeness of lake water samples, 5. Reading the history of pollution contained in the sediments, and 6. Elucidation of changes in loading sources of pollutants. The last subject is not yet completed. This paper focuses mainly on results for subjects 4 and 5. The characteristics of the remote Lake Mashu are discussed from the viewpoint of the effective background monitoring systems with high reliability. The representativeness of the water samples is assured by the hydrological characteristics of the lake and the homogeneity of lake water (caused by mixing). The mechanisms and critical conditions for thorough mixing are estimated. Records of pollution contained in the bottom sediments have been analyzed in conjunction with age data for the sediment layers. Sufficient fundamental information has been accumulated with the results of this study to propose an effective monitoring program for Lake Mashu to be continued for more than 100 years. It was concluded that an international network for monitoring of lakes is advisable.


2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 4938-4947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor de Nazareth Ferreira ◽  
Allan Fagner Cupertino ◽  
Heverton Augusto Pereira ◽  
Anderson Vagner Rocha ◽  
Seleme Isaac Seleme ◽  
...  

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