scholarly journals A Potential of microRNAs for High-Content Screening

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrius Serva ◽  
Christoph Claas ◽  
Vytaute Starkuviene
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
And Function ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Immense Potential

In the last years miRNAs have increasingly been recognised as potent posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Possibly, miRNAs exert their action on virtually any biological process by simultaneous regulation of numerous genes. The importance of miRNA-based regulation in health and disease has inspired research to investigate diverse aspects of miRNA origin, biogenesis, and function. Despite the recent rapid accumulation of experimental data, and the emergence of functional models, the complexity of miRNA-based regulation is still far from being well understood. In particular, we lack comprehensive knowledge as to which cellular processes are regulated by which miRNAs, and, furthermore, how temporal and spatial interactions of miRNAs to their targets occur. Results from large-scale functional analyses have immense potential to address these questions. In this review, we discuss the latest progress in application of high-content and high-throughput functional analysis for the systematic elucidation of the biological roles of miRNAs.

scholarly journals Intra-individual methylomics detects the impact of early-life adversity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. e201800204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Noriko Kamei ◽  
Jessica L Bolton ◽  
Xinyi Ma ◽  
Hal S Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Genetic and environmental factors interact during sensitive periods early in life to influence mental health and disease via epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation. However, it is not known if DNA methylation changes outside the brain provide an “epigenetic signature” of early-life experiences. Here, we used a novel intra-individual approach by testing DNA methylation from buccal cells of individual rats before and immediately after exposure to one week of typical or adverse life experience. We find that whereas inter-individual changes in DNA methylation reflect the effect of age, DNA methylation changes within paired DNA samples from the same individual reflect the impact of diverse neonatal experiences. Genes coding for critical cellular metabolic enzymes, ion channels, and receptors were more methylated in pups exposed to the adverse environment, predictive of their repression. In contrast, the adverse experience was associated with less methylation on genes involved in pathways of death and inflammation as well as cell-fate–related transcription factors, indicating their potential up-regulation. Thus, intra-individual methylome signatures indicate large-scale transcription-driven alterations of cellular fate, growth, and function.

scholarly journals Intra-individual methylomics detects the impact of early-life adversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Noriko Kamei ◽  
Jessica L. Bolton ◽  
Xinyi Ma ◽  
Hal S. Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGenetic and environmental factors interact during sensitive periods early in life to influence mental health and disease via epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation. However, it is not known if DNA methylation changes outside the brain provide an ‘epigenetic signature’ of early-life experiences. Here, we employed a novel intra-individual approach by testing DNA methylation from buccal cells of individual rats before and immediately after exposure to one week of typical or adverse life experience. We find that whereas inter-individual changes in DNA methylation reflect the effect of age, DNA methylation changes within paired DNA samples from the same individual reflect the impact of diverse neonatal experiences. Genes coding for critical cellular–metabolic enzymes, ion channels and receptors were more methylated in pups exposed to the adverse environment, predictive of their repression. In contrast, the adverse experience was associated with less methylation on genes involved in pathways of death and inflammation as well as cell-fate related transcription factors, indicating their potential upregulation. Thus, intra-individual methylome signatures indicate large-scale transcription-driven alterations of cellular fate, growth and function.

scholarly journals Striking a balance: PIP2 and PIP3 signaling in neuronal health and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Tariq ◽  
Bryan W. Luikart
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
Direct Regulation

Phosphoinositides are membrane phospholipids involved in a variety of cellular processes like growth, development, metabolism, and transport. This review focuses on the maintenance of cellular homeostasis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). The critical balance of these PIPs is crucial for regulation of neuronal form and function. The activity of PIP2 and PIP3 can be regulated through kinases, phosphatases, phospholipases and cholesterol microdomains. PIP2 and PIP3 carry out their functions either indirectly through their effectors activating integral signaling pathways, or through direct regulation of membrane channels, transporters, and cytoskeletal proteins. Any perturbations to the balance between PIP2 and PIP3 signaling result in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss the upstream modulators and downstream effectors of the PIP2 and PIP3 signaling, in the context of neuronal health and disease.

scholarly journals Bridging the gap between transcriptome and connectome

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Fornito ◽  
Aurina Arnatkeviciute ◽  
Ben Fulcher
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Molecular Function ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Diverse Species ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The recent construction of brain-wide gene expression atlases, which measure the transcriptional activity of thousands of genes in many different anatomical locations, has made it possible to connect spatial variations in gene expression to distributed properties of connectome structure and function. These analyses have revealed that spatial patterning of gene expression and neuronal connectivity are closely linked, following broad spatial gradients that track regional variations in microcircuitry, inter-regional connectivity and functional specialization. Superimposed on these gradients are more specific associations between gene expression and connectome topology that appear conserved across diverse species and resolution scales. These findings highlight the utility of brain-wide gene expression atlases for bridging the gap between molecular function and large-scale connectome organization in health and disease.

scholarly journals The HSP90 Family: Structure, Regulation, Function, and Implications in Health and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Hoter ◽  
Marwan El-Sabban ◽  
Hassan Naim
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Regulation Function ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Structure Regulation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Compartments

The mammalian HSP90 family of proteins is a cluster of highly conserved molecules that are involved in myriad cellular processes. Their distribution in various cellular compartments underlines their essential roles in cellular homeostasis. HSP90 and its co-chaperones orchestrate crucial physiological processes such as cell survival, cell cycle control, hormone signaling, and apoptosis. Conversely, HSP90, and its secreted forms, contribute to the development and progress of serious pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting HSP90 is an attractive strategy for the treatment of neoplasms and other diseases. This manuscript will review the general structure, regulation and function of HSP90 family and their potential role in pathophysiology.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

Plant hormones, plant growth regulators

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Végvári ◽  
Edina Vidéki
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
And Function

Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

“Because every recipient is also a potential patient” – TV Health Programmes in the FRG and the GDR, from the 1960s to the 1980s

Gesnerus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Susanne Vollberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Continuous Coverage ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Television Programme ◽  
East German ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

In the television programme of West Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s, health magazines like Gesundheitsmagazin Praxis [Practice Health Magazine] (produced by ZDF)1 or ARD-Ratgeber: Gesundheit [ARD Health Advisor] played an important role in addressing health and disease as topics of public awareness. With their health magazine Visite [Doctor’s rounds], East German television, too relied on continuous coverage and reporting in the field. On the example of above magazines, this paper will examine the history, design and function of health communication in magazine-type formats. Before the background of the changes in media policy experienced over three decades and the different media systems in the then two Germanys, it will discuss the question of whether television was able to move health relevant topics and issues into public consciousness.

Implications of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) in Cancer: From Prognostic to Therapeutic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 852-870
Author(s):  
Hassan Dianat-Moghadam ◽  
Ladan Teimoori-Toolabi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factors ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Fgfr Signaling ◽  
Proliferation And Metastasis ◽  
Immense Potential

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are pleiotropic molecules exerting autocrine, intracrine and paracrine functions via activating four tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFR), which further trigger a variety of cellular processes including angiogenesis, evasion from apoptosis, bone formation, embryogenesis, wound repair and homeostasis. Four major mechanisms including angiogenesis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and metastasis are active in FGF/FGFR-driven tumors. Furthermore, gain-of-function or loss-of-function in FGFRs1-4 which is due to amplification, fusions, mutations, and changes in tumor–stromal cells interactions, is associated with the development and progression of cancer. Although, the developed small molecule or antibodies targeting FGFR signaling offer immense potential for cancer therapy, emergence of drug resistance, activation of compensatory pathways and systemic toxicity of modulators are bottlenecks in clinical application of anti-FGFRs. In this review, we present FGF/FGFR structure and the mechanisms of its function, as well as cross-talks with other nodes and/or signaling pathways. We describe deregulation of FGF/FGFR-related mechanisms in human disease and tumor progression leading to the presentation of emerging therapeutic approaches, resistance to FGFR targeting, and clinical potentials of individual FGF family in several human cancers. Additionally, the underlying biological mechanisms of FGF/FGFR signaling, besides several attempts to develop predictive biomarkers and combination therapies for different cancers have been explored.

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