scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis: Are Protective Immune Mechanisms Compromised by a Complex Infectious Background?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Krone ◽  
John M. Grange
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Self Antigen

The immunological background of multiple sclerosis (MS) manifests as an altered reactivity against a diverse range of infections, particularly with the Epstein-Barr virus. Although this could be only an epiphenomenon of a more generalised dysfunction of the immune system in MS, it is also possible that a complex infectious background forms the basis of a specific immune dysregulation finally causing the disease. It is thus suggested that the complex infectious background bears the key for an understanding of the immune pathogenesis of the disease. It appears probable that improved standards of hygiene cause regulatory defects in the immune system, allowing the abnormal expression of human endogenous retroviral (HERV) genes. On the basis of epidemiological observations we describe how a failure of expansion or an eclipse of a subfraction of self-antigen-specific CD8+T cells mediating immune repair, and a deleterious mode of action of HERV gene products, could underlie the pathogenesis of MS.

Cytokine mRNA profile of Epstein–Barr virus-stimulated highly differentiated T cells in multiple sclerosis: A pilot study

2010 ◽  
Vol 225 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Jaquiéry ◽  
Samantha Jilek ◽  
Myriam Schluep ◽  
Géraldine Le Goff ◽  
Miguel Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Cytokine Mrna ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Mrna Profile ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals Programmed death 1 is highly expressed on CD8+CD57+T cells in patients with stable multiple sclerosis and inhibits their cytotoxic response to Epstein-Barr virus

Immunology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria T. Cencioni ◽  
Roberta Magliozzi ◽  
Richard Nicholas ◽  
Rehiana Ali ◽  
Omar Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Cytotoxic Response ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Programmed Death 1 ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals Deficiency of CD8+ effector memory T cells is an early and persistent feature of multiple sclerosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1825-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Pender ◽  
Peter A Csurhes ◽  
Casey MM Pfluger ◽  
Scott R Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Epstein Barr

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a deficiency of circulating CD8+ T cells, which might impair control of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and predispose to MS by allowing EBV-infected autoreactive B cells to accumulate in the central nervous system. Based on the expression of CD45RA and CD62L, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells can be subdivided into four subsets with distinct homing and functional properties, namely: naïve, central memory, effector memory (EM) and effector memory re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA) cells. Objective: Our aim was to determine which memory subsets are involved in the CD8+ T cell deficiency and how these relate to clinical course. Methods: We used flow cytometry to analyze the memory phenotypes of T cells in the blood of 118 MS patients and 112 healthy subjects. Results: MS patients had a decreased frequency of EM (CD45RA–CD62L–) and EMRA (CD45RA+CD62L–) CD8+ T cells, which was present at the onset of disease and persisted throughout the clinical course. The frequencies of CD4+ EM and EMRA T cells were normal. Conclusion: Deficiency of effector memory CD8+ T cells is an early and persistent feature of MS and might underlie the impaired CD8+ T cell control of EBV.

scholarly journals Epstein Barr Virus and Autoimmune Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelakshi R. Jog ◽  
Judith A. James
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Systemic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease. Infections or infectious reactivation are potential triggers for initiation of autoimmunity and for SLE flares. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is gamma herpes virus that has been associated with several autoimmune diseases such as SLE, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and systemic sclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances regarding how EBV may contribute to immune dysregulation, and how these mechanisms may relate to SLE disease progression.

scholarly journals Overexpression of PD-1 on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Its Association with High Viral Loads of Epstein-Barr Virus and Poor Clinical Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Tomaszewski ◽  
Ewelina Grywalska ◽  
Andrzej Tomaszewski ◽  
Piotr Błaszczak ◽  
Marcin Kurzyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Epstein Barr

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare but severe disease with the elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries without a known trigger of vascular remodelling. It leads to the right heart failure with reduced survival. Changes in the immunological landscape of the lungs and the periphery are common in IPAH patients, suggesting an immune system dysfunction. A cohort of 25 IPAH patients was enrolled in our study to investigate a link between the patient’s clinical status, immune parameters of the blood, and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. We found significant alterations of the patients’ peripheral blood parameters. Therein, T lymphocytes and NK cell counts were decreased in the IPAH patients’ blood, while the proportion of regulatory T cells was increased. Additionally, levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-2, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were elevated. We identified a weak correlation between EBV loads and IPAH patients’ clinical state (r = 0.54) and between EBV loads and overexpression of PD-1 on helper T cells (r = 0.56). We speculate that a significant dysregulation of the immune system homeostasis observed in IPAH patients may contribute to increased susceptibility of those patients to EBV infection, yet further longitudinal studies are required to characterize this relation in detail.

scholarly journals Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1

2004 ◽  
Vol 199 (10) ◽  
pp. 1301-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Münz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
The One

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)—the one EBV antigen that is expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies—has long been thought to go undetected by the cell-mediated immune system. However, recent studies show that EBNA1 can be presented to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, making it a potential new target for immunotherapy of EBV-related cancers.

scholarly journals Epstein–Barr virus-specific adoptive immunotherapy for progressive multiple sclerosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1541-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Pender ◽  
Peter A Csurhes ◽  
Corey Smith ◽  
Leone Beagley ◽  
Kaye D Hooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Adoptive Immunotherapy ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Progressive Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Epstein Barr

Defective control of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells might predispose to multiple sclerosis (MS) by allowing EBV-infected autoreactive B cells to accumulate in the central nervous system. We have treated a patient with secondary progressive MS with in vitro-expanded autologous EBV-specific CD8+ T cells directed against viral latent proteins. This adoptive immunotherapy had no adverse effects and the patient showed clinical improvement with reduced disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging and decreased intrathecal immunoglobulin production. This is the first report of the use of EBV-specific adoptive immunotherapy to treat MS or any other autoimmune disease.

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