scholarly journals Estimating Premorbid Intelligence among Older Adults: The Utility of the AMNART

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Lowe ◽  
Steven A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Diagnostic Group ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

This study examines the utility of the American version of the National Adult Reading Test (AMNART) as a measure of premorbid intelligence for older adults. In a sample of 130 older adults, aged 56 to 104, the AMNART was compared to other tests of premorbid intelligence. The results revealed that AMNART-estimated IQ was significantly higher than other premorbid estimates. Across specific educational groups (i.e., 0–12, 13–16, and 17 or more years of education), AMNART-estimated IQ was inflated relative to all other premorbid estimates. The AMNART also declined as cognitive impairment increased, and there was a significant interaction between aging-related diagnostic group and premorbid estimate. The AMNART may therefore overestimate premorbid ability relative to other premorbid measures, particularly among those with greater cognitive impairment and lower levels of education. These results suggest that the AMNART should be used cautiously among older adults and in conjunction with other estimates of premorbid ability.

The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid intelligence: A comparison with estimates derived from demographic variables

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER BRIGHT ◽  
ELI JALDOW ◽  
MICHAEL D. KOPELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Reading Ability ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Korsakoff’S Syndrome ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Korsakoff's Syndrome ◽  
Valid Estimate ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

Since its publication in 1982, the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Revised Version, NART–R) has become a widely accepted method for estimating premorbid levels of intelligence in neuropsychological research. However, the assumption that NART/NART–R performance is relatively independent of brain damage has been increasingly challenged in recent years. In a number of conditions, including Alzheimer dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome, studies have indicated a deterioration in reading ability, leading to an underestimated premorbid IQ. In a reaction to these studies, some researchers have advocated the use of demographic variables as a more suitable foundation for accurately predicting premorbid intelligence. We addressed this issue by calculating IQ estimates on the basis of NART/NART–R, demographic variables, and a combination of the two approaches and by comparing these with current WAIS/WAIS–R IQ in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer dementia, frontal or temporal lobe lesions, and in healthy controls. Estimated premorbid IQs did not differ across groups, whether derived from NART/NART–R or demographic variables. Those based on NART/NART–R demonstrated higher correlations with current WAIS/WAIS–R IQ in controls and patients than those derived from demographic variables. An equation combining NART scores with demographic variables did not significantly increase the amount of variance in IQ explained by NART only, either in patients or controls. The data offer reassurance regarding the continued use of NART as a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in a number of conditions. (JINS, 2002, 8, 847–854.)

scholarly journals The impact of early-life intelligence quotient on post stroke cognitive impairment

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen DJ Makin ◽  
Fergus N Doubal ◽  
Kirsten Shuler ◽  
Francesca M Chappell ◽  
Julie Staals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
One Year ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
Addenbrooke’S Cognitive Examination

Background Cognitive impairment can complicate minor stroke, but there is limited information on risk factors including peak cognitive ability earlier in life. Methods We recruited patients with clinically-evident lacunar or minor non-lacunar ischaemic stroke, recorded clinical features, vascular risk factors, magnetic resonance imaging-detected stroke sub-type and small vessel disease burden. At 1–3 and 12 months after stroke, we assessed educational attainment (years of education), current cognition (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised), pre-morbid intelligence (National Adult Reading Test) and dependency (modified Rankin Scale). Results We recruited 157 patients (87 lacunar, 64 non-lacunar ischaemic strokes), median age 66 (inter-quartile range 56–74) years, 36/157 (23%) patients had a Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised score < 82 at one to three months, 29/151 (19%) had a Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised < 82 at one year. Lower National Adult Reading Test score (cognitive impairment per point on National Adult Reading Test odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.87, 0.95) and older age (per year of age odds ratio 1.04 (95% confidence interval 1.01, 1.08) predicted one-year cognitive impairment more than stroke severity (per point on National Institute of Health Stroke Scale odds ratio 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.0.68, 1.31)) or vascular risk factors e.g. hypertension (odds ratio for diagnosis of hypertension 0.52 (95% confidence interval 0.24, 1.15). Cognitive impairment was associated with having more white matter hyper-intensities (odds ratio per point increase in Fazekas score 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.11, 1.83). Discussion This observational study provides evidence that pre-morbid intelligence quotient and education predict cognition after stroke, and confirms the association between cognitive impairment and small vessel disease. Conclusion Pre-morbid intelligence should be considered in future studies of post-stroke cognition.

The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid IQ in schizophrenia

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Russell ◽  
J. Munro ◽  
P. B. Jones ◽  
P. Hayward ◽  
D. R. Hemsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Test ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

Estimation of Premorbid Intelligence in Schizophrenia

1992 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crawford ◽  
J. A. O. Besson ◽  
M. Bremner ◽  
K. P. Ebmeier ◽  
R. H. B. Cochrane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Valid Estimate ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

To determine whether the National Adult Reading Test (NART) would provide a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia, two schizophrenic samples were recruited, one consisting of 35 patients resident in long-stay wards, the other of 29 patients normally resident in the community. Schizophrenic patients were individually matched for age, sex, and education with a healthy, normal subject. Both schizophrenic samples scored significantly lower on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) than their respective control groups. NART-estimated IQ did not differ significantly between the community-resident schizophrenics and their controls, suggesting that the NART provides a valid means of estimating premorbid intelligence in such a population. NART-estimated IQ was significantly lower in the long-stay sample than in their controls. Although low NART scores in this latter sample could be a valid reflection of low premorbid IQ, the alternative explanation that NART performance was impaired by onset of the disease cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals Measuring memory impairment in community-based patients with schizophrenia

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Al-Uzri ◽  
M. A. Reveley ◽  
L. Owen ◽  
J. Bruce ◽  
S. Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
Negative Syndrome

BackgroundThe majority of memory impairment studies in schizophrenia are cohort studies using laboratory-based tests, which make it difficult to estimate the true extent and relevance of memory impairment in patients with schizophrenia in the community.AimsTo examine the extent of memory impairment in community-based patients with schizophrenia using a clinically relevant test.MethodAll patients with schizophrenia (n = 190) in one catchment area were identified, of whom 133 were potentially eligible for the study; 73 patients volunteered to take part. They were assessed using the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), the National Adult Reading Test, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales and the Office for National Statistics Classification of Occupation. Their performance on the memory test was compared with that of matched controls (n=71).ResultsPatients as a group performed significantly worse (P < 0.001) than controls on the RBMT. Using the RBMT normative scores, 81% of patients were found to have impaired memory compared with 28% of controls.ConclusionsUsing a clinically relevant test, the majority of community-based patients with schizophrenia may have memory impairment.

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