scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides in Gastrointestinal Inflammation

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Jäger ◽  
Eduard F. Stange ◽  
Jan Wehkamp
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Complex Events ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Acute and chronic inflammations of mucosal surfaces are complex events in which the effector mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune systems interact with pathogenic and commensal bacteria. The role of constitutive and inducible antimicrobial peptides in intestinal inflammation has been investigated thoroughly over the recent years, and their involvement in various disease states is expanded ever more. Especially in the intestines, a critical balance between luminal bacteria and the antimicrobial peptides is essential, and a breakdown in barrier function by impaired production of defensins is already implicated in Crohn's disease. In this paper, we focus on the role of antimicrobial peptides in inflammatory processes along the gastrointestinal tract, while considering the resident and pathogenic flora encountered at the specific sites. The role of antimicrobial peptides in the primary events of inflammatory bowel diseases receives special attention.

scholarly journals Microbiota-independent immunological effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Del Fabbro ◽  
Philip C. Calder ◽  
Caroline E. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The aim of the present paper is to review the effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on immunity, focusing on their microbiota-independent mechanisms of action, as well as to explore their potential beneficial role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD are chronic, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Individuals with IBD have an aberrant immune response to commensal microbiota, resulting in extensive mucosal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. NDO are prebiotic fibres well known for their role in supporting intestinal health through modulation of the gut microbiota. NDO reach the colon intact and are fermented by commensal bacteria, resulting in the production of SCFA with immunomodulatory properties. In disease states characterised by increased gut permeability, prebiotics may also bypass the gut barrier and directly interact with intestinal and systemic immune cells, as demonstrated in patients with IBD and in infants with an immature gut. In vitro models show that fructooligosaccharides, inulin and galactooligosaccharides exert microbiota-independent effects on immunity by binding to toll-like receptors on monocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells and by modulating cytokine production and immune cell maturation. Moreover, animal models and human supplementation studies demonstrate that some prebiotics, including inulin and lactulose, might reduce intestinal inflammation and IBD symptoms. Although there are convincing preliminary data to support NDO as immunomodulators in the management of IBD, their mechanisms of action are still unclear and larger standardised studies need to be performed using a wider range of prebiotics.

scholarly journals The application of omics techniques to understand the role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 175628481882225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Segal ◽  
Benjamin H. Mullish ◽  
Mohammed Nabil Quraishi ◽  
Animesh Acharjee ◽  
Horace R. T. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Compositional Changes

The aetiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involves the complex interaction between a patient’s genetic predisposition, environment, gut microbiota and immune system. Currently, however, it is not known if the distinctive perturbations of the gut microbiota that appear to accompany both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the cause of, or the result of, the intestinal inflammation that characterizes IBD. With the utilization of novel systems biology technologies, we can now begin to understand not only details about compositional changes in the gut microbiota in IBD, but increasingly also the alterations in microbiota function that accompany these. Technologies such as metagenomics, metataxomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabonomics are therefore allowing us a deeper understanding of the role of the microbiota in IBD. Furthermore, the integration of these systems biology technologies through advancing computational and statistical techniques are beginning to understand the microbiome interactions that both contribute to health and diseased states in IBD. This review aims to explore how such systems biology technologies are advancing our understanding of the gut microbiota, and their potential role in delineating the aetiology, development and clinical care of IBD.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Role of the Inflammasome in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1536-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Lissner ◽  
Britta Siegmund
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Epithelial Regeneration ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that coordinate the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in response to pathogens and metabolic danger. Both cytokines have been linked to intestinal inflammation. However, recently evolving concepts ascribe a major role to the inflammasome in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. This review recapitulates its position in the development of inflammatory bowel disease, thereby outlining a model in which hypo- as well as hyperfunctionality can lead to an imbalance of the system, depending on the specific cell population affected. In the epithelium, the inflammasome is essential for regulation of permeability and epithelial regeneration through sensing of commensal microbes, while excessive inflammasome activation within the lamina propria contributes to severe intestinal inflammation.

scholarly journals Comorbid Inflammatory Diseases of Digestive System and Eye

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
S. A. Bulgakov ◽  
G. M. Chernakova ◽  
E. A. Kleshcheva ◽  
S. V. Simonova
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Extraintestinal Manifestations ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, which are often accompanied by inflammation of other organs. This article presents modern data on etiology, pathogenesis and clinical course of inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as information on extraintestinal eye manifestations of nonspecific ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The role of microbiota, genetic factors, immune system defects in pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation and extraintestinal eye manifestations is considered. The possibility the development of ophthalmopathology not only against the background of intestinal inflammation, but also as a consequence of therapeutic and surgical methods of treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease is noted. The peculiarities of the course of episcleritis/scleritis, keratitis, uveitis, chorioretinitis, optical neuritis for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases are considered. The presence of these complications may reflect the activity of the underlying disease, which in some cases requires correction of therapy. Anterior uveitis and episcleritis/scleritis are the most common extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation of tissues of the posterior segment of the eye and optic nerve against the background of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are less common, but are of clinical importance, as they can catastrophically damage the structures of the eye and, as a consequence, lead to complete blindness. Considering the possibility of mild clinical symptoms and asymptomatic course of inflammation in the eye envelopes, the importance of ophthalmological examination of all patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease is emphasized. Aspects of modern therapy of ophthalmopathology and background intestinal inflammation are highlighted. Biological preparations — antagonists of pro-inflammatory cytokines — have been identified as the most promising in the treatment of inflammatory intestinal diseases and extraintestinal manifestations. The important role of proper nutrition and biologically active supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, microelements, was noted as auxiliary therapy of both intestinal and extraintestinal inflammation.

scholarly journals Omega Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ledyane Taynara Marton ◽  
Ricardo de Alvares Goulart ◽  
Antonelly Cassio Alves de Carvalho ◽  
Sandra Maria Barbalho
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ω3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, inflammatory processes that affect the gastrointestinal tract and are mainly represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Omega 3 (ω3) fatty acids (eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) show an indispensable role in the inflammatory processes and, for these reasons, we aimed to review the effects of these acids on UC and CD. Databases such as PUMED and EMBASE were searched, and the final selection included fifteen studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results showed that ω3 fatty acids reduce intestinal inflammation, induce and maintain clinical remission in UC patients, and are related with the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, decrease disease activity and increase the quality of life of CD patients. Furthermore, the consumption of these fatty acids may be related to a reduced risk of developing IBD. Many studies have shown the beneficial effects of ω3 as adjunctive in the treatment or prevention of UC or CD. Nevertheless, most were performed with a small number of patients and there are many variations in the mode of consumption, the type of food or the type of formulation used. All these factors substantially interfere with the results and do not allow reliable comparisons.

scholarly journals The Role of Thrombospondin 1 on Intestinal Inflammation and Carcinogenesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. BMI.S630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda S. Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Thrombospondin 1 ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) quite common in the United States and other Western countries. Patients suffering IBD are at greater risk of developing colorectal adenocarcinoma than the general population. Both, the adenoma-carcinoma and the inflammation-carcinogenesis processes are characterized by active angiogenesis. Recent studies also have shown that anti-angiogenesis might be a novel therapeutic approach for IBD. Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is an extracellular protein well known for its anti-angiogenic properties. TSP1 also has key functions in inflammation, which is assumed to be the primary cause for carcinogenesis in IBD. This review is focused on the role of TSP1 in colorectal carcinogenesis. The therapeutic effects of TSP derived-peptides on inhibiting the inflammation-carcinogenesis progression are also discussed.

scholarly journals Human RIPK1 deficiency causes combined immunodeficiency and inflammatory bowel diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 970-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Li ◽  
Marita Führer ◽  
Ehsan Bahrami ◽  
Piotr Socha ◽  
Maja Klaudel-Dreszler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Monogenic Disorders ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Human Immune

Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a critical regulator of cell death and inflammation, but its relevance for human disease pathogenesis remains elusive. Studies of monogenic disorders might provide critical insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic targeting of RIPK1 for common diseases. Here, we report on eight patients from six unrelated pedigrees with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in RIPK1 presenting with primary immunodeficiency and/or intestinal inflammation. Mutations in RIPK1 were associated with reduced NF-κB activity, defective differentiation of T and B cells, increased inflammasome activity, and impaired response to TNFR1-mediated cell death in intestinal epithelial cells. The characterization of RIPK1-deficient patients highlights the essential role of RIPK1 in controlling human immune and intestinal homeostasis, and might have critical implications for therapies targeting RIPK1.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Larabi ◽  
Nicolas Barnich ◽  
Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

To communicate with each other, cells release exosomes that transfer their composition, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, to neighboring cells, thus playing a role in various pathophysiological processes. During an infection with pathogenic bacteria, such as adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) associated with Crohn disease, exosomes secreted by infected cells can have an impact on the innate immune responses of surrounding cells to infection. Furthermore, inflammation can be amplified via the exosomal shuttle during infection with pathogenic bacteria, which could contribute to the development of the associated disease. Since these vesicles can be released in various biological fluids, changes in exosomal content may provide a means for the identification of non-invasive biomarkers for infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases. Moreover, evidence suggests that exosomes could be used as vaccines to prime the immune system to recognize and kill invading pathogens, and as therapeutic components relieving intestinal inflammation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomes in bacterial infections and highlight their potential use as biomarkers, vaccines and conveyers of therapeutic molecules in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Vedolizumab

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Poulakos ◽  
Jade D. Machin ◽  
Julienne Pauly ◽  
Yasmin Grace
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Biologic Response ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Brain

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that encompass Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In these disease states, epithelial damage of the intestinal mucosa is evident due to increased lymphocyte trafficking to the area, which affects the normal intestinal barrier function. Currently available pharmacotherapy can be limited in terms of efficacy and associated toxicities. Newer agents have emerged, including the monoclonal antibody natalizumab, which antagonizes integrin, an important component within the inflammation cascade. Natalizumab works by modulating both the GI and brain biologic responses and as a result there is risk of the opportunistic infection known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), putting patients at risk for severe disability and death. Vedolizumab, another integrin inhibitor, is selective for modulating the gut biologic response but not the brain, consequently decreasing the risk for PML. To generate information regarding the role of vedolizumab in the treatment of IBD, a literature search was conducted, yielding 7 phase I to III clinical trials. This article serves as a summary of efficacy, safety, and other relevant information from clinical studies to explore the role of vedolizumab in the treatment of CD and UC.

scholarly journals Role of Adipose Tissue in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4226
Author(s):  
Eva Karaskova ◽  
Maria Velganova-Veghova ◽  
Milos Geryk ◽  
Hana Foltenova ◽  
Veronika Kucerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Endocrine Activity ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Visceral Adipose

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract, include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. There are increasing clinical and experimental data showing that obesity, especially visceral adiposity, plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Obesity seems to be an important risk factor also for IBD disease severity and clinical outcomes. Visceral adipose tissue is an active multifunctional metabolic organ involved in lipid storage and immunological and endocrine activity. Bowel inflammation penetrates the surrounding adipose tissue along the mesentery. Mesenteric fat serves as a barrier to inflammation and controls immune responses to the translocation of gut bacteria. At the same time, mesenteric adipose tissue may be the principal source of cytokines and adipokines responsible for inflammatory processes associated with IBD. This review is particularly focusing on the potential role of adipokines in IBD pathogenesis and their possible use as promising therapeutic targets.

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