FIGURE 59: Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2019)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Area ◽  
Land Area

ECOLOGICAL CONSOLIDATION OF LANDS IN RUSSIA AND FEDERAL DISTRICTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mazurkin
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Identification Method ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Rank Distributions

It is proposed to identify the hierarchy of federal districts in terms of ecological opportunities for consolidation of vegetation cover according to three classes of soil cover according to the UN classification (grass + shrub + trees) on the land territory of Russia by ranking the shares of vegetation cover and human-modified lands, as well as ecological coefficients. The total ecological coefficient is calculated by dividing the share of vegetation by the total share of anthropogenic land. The forest-agricultural coefficient is convenient as the ratio of the forest area to the arable land area. The identification method revealed stable regularities of rank distributions in the form of trends and wave equations.

Ecological consolidation of lands and federal districts in Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Mazurkin
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Identification Method ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Rank Distributions

It is proposed to identify the hierarchy of federal districts in terms of ecological opportunities for consolidation of vegetation cover by three classes of soil cover according to the UN classification (grass + shrub + trees) on the territory of Russia by ranking the shares of vegetation cover and human-modified lands, as well as ecological coefficients. The total ecological coefficient is calculated by dividing the share of vegetation by the total share of anthropogenic land. The forest-agricultural coefficient is convenient as the ratio of the forest area to the arable land area. The article contains the identification method revealing stable regularities of rank distributions in the form of trends and wave equations.

Is Environment Degradation a Pre-condition to Economic Growth? A Case of India and China

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226292110340
Author(s):  
Rakesh Shahani ◽  
Nitin Khaneja
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
India And China

This study is an attempt to model the co-integrating relation between economic growth and environmental degradation for two countries namely India and China. Although CO2 emissions has been the proxy for environmental degradation for most research papers, the study also includes a supplementary proxy environment variable viz forest area as a percentage of land area reflecting the depleting green cover. Thus, the study includes gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as the dependent variable and two regressors as carbon dioxide emissions per capita and forest area as a percentage of land area. The study also includes two additional regressors as trade as a percentage of GDP (proxy for trade openness) and domestic credit to the private sector (proxy for financial development), all converted to natural log terms, and the relation between the variables has been tested using autoregressive distributed lag bounds co-integration approach. The results of the study showed that long-run ‘F’ bounds co-integration test of autoregressive distributed lag was accepted for India but was rejected in case of China. For India, temporal causality was also seen to flow from forest area to per capita GDP with negative cause–effect relation, which was confirmed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995, Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250) causality results. Further with respect to India with a significant co-integration results, vector error correction model was worked out and the results showed that error correction (ECM) coefficient (which was found to be negative and significant) showed that the process of movement towards equilibrium was unexpectedly slow at a rate less than 0.01% per period. The main contribution of the study was to include a new proxy ‘forest area’ for environmental degradation and to empirically prove that with the decrease in forest cover there was a rise in economic growth.

scholarly journals SETTING OF PLANTATION LAND AREA LIMITATION BASED ON SOCIAL FUNCTION PRINCIPLES OF LAND CULTIVATION RIGHTS TO REALIZE SOCIAL WELFARE-PROMOTING PLANTATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lego Karjoko
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Land Cultivation

The existence of large plantations in Indonesia has proven the failure of individualism value to uphold agrarian justice. This study aims to examine regulations regarding to the land ownership which contradicts with social function principles of Land Cultivation Rights (LCR) and provide recommendation for setting the land ownership which can realize land utilization for plantation ideally. This study employs normative legal research method by statute and conceptual approach. The legal materials were analyzed by inductive, deductive and interpretative syllogism. The results of this research are as follows. First, regulations on Site Permit, Plantation Operation Permit and Release of Forest Area for Plantation based on utilitarian justice and concentrative land ownership are not in accordance with social function principles of Land Cultivation Rights (LCR). Second, the setting of maximum ownership for plantation companies should be based on their type of plants and given fully assets that enable the plantation companies to use the land optimally.Keywords: Land Cultivation Rights, cultivation land area, people’s welfare 

scholarly journals ASPEK HUKUM PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR HUTAN LINDUNG PULAU TARAKAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Aditia Syaprillah
Keyword(s):  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Protected Forests ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The City

<p>Kota Tarakan merupakan kota di atas pulau dengan luas daratan hanya mencapai ± 250.80 km², kebutuhan terhadap lahan perkebunan dan pemukiman menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya permasalahan degradasi kawasan hutan, kondisi ini diperparah dengan semakin pesatnya perkembangan jumlah penduduk di Kota Tarakan. Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, maka perlu melakukan penelitian hukum tentang pemberdayaan masyarakat setempat di sekitar hutan lindung pulau Tarakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan ( Statute Approach ) yang menelaah peraturan yang terkait dengan isu hukum yang sedang ditangani. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat disekitar hutan lindung Pulau Tarakan mempunyai peran yang sangat strategis dalam pencegahan dan pemberantasan kerusakan hutan serta untuk menjaga kelestarian hutan lindung pulau Tarakan, hal tersebut perlu ditunjang dengan perubahan pendekatan melalui pemberian akses dan pelibatan masyarakat dalam setiap kebijakan. Untuk itu disarankan perlu adanya peraturan daerah yang lebih responsif untuk melindungi setiap hak- hak dan jaminan sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat yang ada di dalam wilayah hutan lindung Pulau Tarakan.</p><p>Tarakan city is a city on the island with a land area only reached ± 250.80 km², the need for plantations and settlements is one of the causes of forest degradation problems, the condition is exacerbated by the rapid growth of population in the city of Tarakan. Based on the above problems, it is necessary to conduct legal research on empowering communities around protected forests area of Tarakan. This study uses normative method and statute approach that examines regulations related to legal issues that are being addressed. The research showed that the activities of the empowerment of communities around the protected forest area of Tarakan Island has a very strategic role in the prevention and eradication of forest damage and to preserve the protected forests of Tarakan Island, it needs to be supported by a change of approach by providing communities access and involvement in every policy. It is suggested that there needs to be more responsive local regulations to protect every rights and social and economic security of communities in the protected forest area of Tarakan Island.</p>

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