scholarly journals Tetherin Promotes the Innate and Adaptive Cell–Mediated Immune Response against Retrovirus Infection In Vivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 306-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam X. Li ◽  
Bradley S. Barrett ◽  
Karl J. Heilman ◽  
Ronald J. Messer ◽  
Rachel A. Liberatore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Retrovirus Infection

Pseudolaric acid B inhibits T-cell mediated immune response in vivo via p38MAPK signal cascades and PPARγ activation

Life Sciences ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ji-hong Zhao ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Yu-ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Pseudolaric Acid B ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Signal Cascades

scholarly journals Interdigital skin test for evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity and monitoring cell-mediated immune responses in chickens

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Miljkovic ◽  
L. Peric ◽  
M. Velhner
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response

A skin test to assess cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity (DH) used to evaluated immune response of chickens. Results of many study indicated, that skin testing is especially useful as a simple in vivo screening to evaluate normal and suppressed T-cell mediated DH. Chickens were sensitized with using mitogens, B and T-cell dependent antigen by intradermal injection. The most feathered skin of chickens is too thin for adequate intradermal injections, so the wattle is the standard site for skin testing, however, in younger than 2 or 3 weeks old chickens, the wattle is undeveloped and intradermal injection and measurement of response are difficult. A simple interdigital skin used by many of the authors. Skin swelling response and DH reaction were measured in mm before injections and after. The skin test and DH in vivo results edemas-initiating characteristics of sensitizing agents, which increase in skin thickness detectable after 4- 6 hours of application. Many of investigation results suggests that healthy chickens are able to have strong immune response and support the concept that some changes in the cell-mediated immune response and other pathogens may potentially affect immune response.

scholarly journals Evasion of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response by Alphaherpesviruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1354
Author(s):  
Naoto Koyanagi ◽  
Yasushi Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
Viral Propagation ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response

Alphaherpesviruses cause various diseases and establish life-long latent infections in humans and animals. These viruses encode multiple viral proteins and miRNAs to evade the host immune response, including both innate and adaptive immunity. Alphaherpesviruses evolved highly advanced immune evasion strategies to be able to replicate efficiently in vivo and produce latent infections with recurrent outbreaks. This review describes the immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses, especially against cytotoxic host immune responses. Considering these strategies, it is important to evaluate whether the immune evasion mechanisms in cell cultures are applicable to viral propagation and pathogenicity in vivo. This review focuses on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T cells (NKT cells), which are representative immune cells that directly damage virus-infected cells. Since these immune cells recognize the ligands expressed on their target cells via specific activating and/or inhibitory receptors, alphaherpesviruses make several ligands that may be targets for immune evasion. In addition, alphaherpesviruses suppress the infiltration of CTLs by downregulating the expression of chemokines at infection sites in vivo. Elucidation of the alphaherpesvirus immune evasion mechanisms is essential for the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines.

MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF IN-HOST DYNAMICS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
CHANDRA N. PODDER ◽  
SYEDA ELHAM SHAHED ◽  
OLUWASEUN SHAROMI ◽  
SAMIR K. BHOWMIK
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 ◽  
The Impact

A new deterministic model for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) in vivo, which incorporates the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, is designed and analyzed. The analyses of the model reveal that it has a globally-asymptotically stable (GAS) virus-free equilibrium (VFE) whenever the associated reproduction threshold is less than unity. Also, it has at least one virus-present equilibrium (VPE) when the reproduction threshold exceeds unity (and virus will persist in vivo under this condition). Furthermore, it is shown that a Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) vaccine will be effective in reducing HSV-2 burden in vivo if it reduces the ability of the virus without glycoprotein C (gC) to bind to the host cell or if it reduces the re-activation rate of latent HSV-2. Additionally, the vaccine will also be very effective if it results in an increase in the fraction of the re-activated latent viruses without gC. Numerical simulations of the model show that cell-mediated immune response is more effective (in controlling HSV-2 burden in vivo) than humoral immune response (the latter only offers marginal impact in reducing HSV-2 burden in vivo, except if its effectiveness level is very high). Thus, a future HSV-2 vaccine that boosts cell-mediated immune response is expected to be quite effective in controlling HSV-2 in vivo.

scholarly journals Role of NK Cells in Early Host Response to Chlamydial Genital Infection

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5867-5875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Te Kent Tseng ◽  
Roger G. Rank
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Genital Tract Infection ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Asialo Gm1

ABSTRACT The cell-mediated immune response has been documented to be the major protective immune mechanism in mice infected genitally with the agent of mouse pneumonitis (MoPn), a biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis. Moreover, there is strong evidence to indicate that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is a major effector mechanism of the cell-mediated immune response. Previous studies from this laboratory have also reported that the dominant cell population in the genital tract is the CD4 Th1 population. When experiments were performed by the enzyme-linked immunospot assay, high numbers of cells producing IFN-γ were found in the genital tract, concomitant with resolution of the infection; however, in addition, an increase in IFN-γ-producing cells which were CD4− was seen early in the infection. Since natural killer (NK) cells produce IFN-γ and have been found to participate in the early responses in other infections, we hypothesized that NK cells are responsible for early IFN-γ production in the murine chlamydial model. NK cells were quantified by the standard YAC-1 cytotoxicity assay and were found to appear in the genital tract as early as 12 h after intravaginal infection with MoPn. The cells were confirmed to be NK cells by abrogation of YAC-1 cell cytotoxicity by treatment in vitro and in vivo with anti-asialo-GM1. The early IFN-γ response could also be depleted by treatment with anti-asialo-GM1, indicating that NK cells were responsible for the production of this cytokine. Of interest was our observation that depletion of NK cells also exacerbated the course of infection in the mice and elicited a Th2 response, as indicated by a marked increase in immunoglobulin G1 antibody. Thus, these data demonstrate that NK cells are not only responsible for the production of IFN-γ early in the course of chlamydial genital tract infection but are also, via IFN-γ, a significant factor in the development of the Th1 CD4 response and in the control of the infection.

Immune Deficiency of Cataract Shionogi (Cts) Mouse. H. Impaired in Vivo T Cell-Mediated Immune Response

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 493-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Yagi ◽  
Masafumi Nagata ◽  
Mitsuo Takeuchi ◽  
Akira Watanabe ◽  
Akinori Arimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response
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